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DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1249401
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Spinalanästhesie – Vorteile der unilateralen Spinalanästhesie
Advantages of unilateral spinal anaesthesiaPublication History
Publication Date:
15 March 2010 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Für alle Operationen, die nur eine untere Extremität betreffen, ist die unilaterale (einseitige) Spinalanästhesie ein geeignetes Verfahren. Hierbei wird darauf abgezielt, die Spinalanästhesie auf die zu operierende Seite zu beschränken. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, werden geringe Mengen des Lokalanästhetikums, hyper- (oder hypo)bare Lokalanästhetikumlösungen, atraumatische Kanülen, langsame Injektionsgeschwindigkeit und Anlage der Spinalanästhesie in Seitenlage empfohlen. Im Vergleich zur konventionellen (beidseitigen) Spinalanästhesie hat die einseitige Spinalanästhesie zwar den Nachteil einer etwas längeren Vorbereitungszeit und Anschlagzeit, bietet aber dafür den Vorteil der größeren hämodynamischen Stabilität und der besseren Mobilisierbarkeit und Autonomie des Patienten nach der Operation, da Kraft- und Bewegungskontrolle der nicht-operierten Seite erhalten bleiben und Nebenwirkungen der Spinalanästhesie, wie Harnverhalt zuverlässiger vermieden werden können.
Abstract
Unilateral spinal anaesthesia aims to limit the distribution of spinal block only to the operated side, for all operations involving only one lower limb. Small doses of local anesthetic, pencil-point needles, injection speed, lateral decubitus position and not isobaric anesthetic solution are the main factors involved when attempting a unilateral spinal block. In comparison to conventional technique it requires a bit longer preparation time, but provides less hemodynamic side effects with higher cardiovascular stability, increased autonomy after surgery and better patient acceptance.
Schlüsselwörter:
Regionalanästhesie - Lokalanästhetika - Bupivacain - hyperbar - Spinalanästhesie - einseitige Spinalanästhesie - ambulante Spinalanästhesie
Key words:
local anesthesia - bupivacaine - anesthetic technique - unilateral spinal anesthesia - knee arthroscopy - outpatient technique
Kernaussagen:
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Die unilaterale Spinalanästhesie reduziert die Nebenwirkungen der konventionellen Spinalanästhesie und erhöht die Patientenzufriedenheit.
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Die Dosis der Lokalanästhetikalösung bedingt die Dauer der nötigen Seitenlagerung des Patienten bis zur Fixierung der einseitigen Wirkung.
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Ein Lagerungsmanöver kann die initial unilaterale Blockade teilweise rückgängig machen.
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Eine langsame Injektion mit Pencil-Point-Nadeln verbessert die unilaterale Wirkung.
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Eine niedrig konzentrierte Anästhetikalösung verbessert die Qualität der einseitigen Blockade.
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Clonidin ist ein geeignetes Adjuvans und verlängert die Wirkdauer der Anästhesie. Opiate sollten dagegen eher vorsichtig eingesetzt werden.
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Die einseitige Spinalanästhesie vermindert hämodynamische Nebenwirkungen.
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Patienten erholen sich schneller von der unilateralen Spinalanästhesie als von der konventionellen bilateralen Blockade.
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Prof. Dr. med. Battista Borghi
Prof. Dr. med. Hinnerk Wulf
Email: h.wulf@med.uni-marburg.de