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DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1256278
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Der angiologische Notfall: das kalte Bein
Publication History
Publication Date:
04 April 2011 (online)
Abstract
Acute limb ischemia, defined as a sudden decrease or worsening in former normal or reduced limb perfusion, is a threat to the limb and life in younger or elder patients. The severity of acute limb ischemia has to be classified emergently and the type of occlusion should be differentiated (thrombus or embolus).
The method used for revascularization depends on the type of occlusion and comorbidities of the patient and as well on the therapeutic skills (endovascular or operative) in the department which is immediately involved.
Kernaussagen
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Die akute Extremitätenischämie ist als eine rasche Abnahme der arteriellen Perfusion definiert, die zu einer vitalen Bedrohung der Gliedmaße führen kann.
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Häufigste Ursache ist ein thrombotischer Verschluss eines bereits stenotischen Gefäßsegments (60 %) oder ein thrombembolisches Geschehen (30 %). Häufigste Lokalisation akuter arterieller Gefäßverschlüsse sind Bifurkationen.
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Bereits klinisch kann eine thrombotische von einer embolischen Genese unterschieden werden. Anhand der Anamnese und klinischen Untersuchung muss der Untersucher entscheiden können, ob es sich um eine funktionsfähige und nicht gefährdete Extremität, eine gefährdete oder gar eine irreversibel geschädigte Extremität handelt. Anhand des sensorischen und motorischen Defizits und des Doppler-Signals ist eine solche prognostische Einschätzung möglich.
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Therapeutisch gehören die Tieflagerung der Extremität, Analgesie, Volumensubstitution und Antikoagulation zu den Sofortmaßnahmen. Zu den weiteren Therapiemöglichkeiten gehören die Antikoagulation, die Thrombusbeseitigung und die chirurgische Thrombektomie.
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Selbst eine komplette Revaskularisierung, die bei den meisten Patienten erreicht werden kann, birgt aufgrund des Reperfusionsschadens ein Risiko für die betroffene Extremität und den Patienten.
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Dr. med. Steffen Brucks
Klinik für Kardiologie, Angiologie Pneumologie
Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg AöR
Leipziger Straße 44
39120 Magdeburg
Email: steffen.brucks@med.ovgu.de