Zusammenfassung
Der plötzliche Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand aufgrund eines akuten
Myokardinfarktes oder einer fulminanten Lungenembolie ist aktuell eine der
häufigsten Todesursachen in Mitteleuropa. Die Letalität ist dabei
ausgesprochen hoch, insbesondere bei außerklinischem Ereignis. Für
diese beiden akuten Erkrankungen ist die Thrombolyse seit Langem eine
etablierte Therapiemöglichkeit, die den Thrombus bzw. Embolus auflöst
und damit die Koronarperfusion wiederherstellt und die rechtsventrikuläre
Nachlast normalisiert. Nichtsdestotrotz war die Thrombolyse während der
kardiopulmonalen Reanimation (CPR) lange Zeit v. a. aus Sorge vor
unbeherrschbaren Blutungskomplikationen kontraindiziert. Nach
Veröffentlichungen von Einzelfallberichten und kleineren Fallserien, die
überraschend gute Erfolge der Lysetherapie bei initial frustraner CPR
zeigten, folgten bald retrospektive Untersuchungen sowie Interventionsstudien
mit größerer Fallzahl. Diese konnten einen deutlichen
Überlebensvorteil für Patienten zeigen, die während der CPR ein
Thrombolytikum erhielten; jedoch war keine dieser Studien randomisiert.
Darüber hinaus zeigten Studien, dass schwere Blutungskomplikationen durch
Thrombolyse bei CPR nicht signifikant häufiger sind. Experimentelle
Untersuchungen lieferten zusätzliche Hinweise, dass die Lyse während
CPR die Mikrozirkulation im Gehirn deutlich verbessert. Die Ergebnisse der
randomisierten, placebokontrollierten internationalen Multizenterstudie TROICA
zeigen, dass die alleinige Gabe des Thrombolytikums Tenecteplase keinen
Überlebensvorteil gegenüber Placebo bietet. Weitere Studien zur
Thrombolyse während CPR mit zusätzlicher Gabe von Heparin und ASS
müssen folgen, um die Rolle der Thrombolyse bei CPR abschließend zu
klären. Obwohl die Thrombolyse während CPR momentan keine
Standardtherapie darstellt, sollte sie leitlinienkonform bei hochgradigem
Verdacht auf eine zugrunde liegende fulminante Lungenembolie sowie darüber
hinaus in begründeten Einzelfällen dem Patienten nicht vorenthalten
werden.
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death is a leading cause of death in Europe. In the
vast majority, myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism is the underlying
cause. Lethality is still high, especially if the arrest occurs out of
hospital. For these two severe conditions, thrombolysis has proven to be an
established therapy. Coronary perfusion is restored or the occlusion in the
pulmonary arteries is removed, restoring normal circulation and normalising
right-ventricular afterload. Nevertheless, thrombolysis was contraindicated
during cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for many years due to the fear of
severe bleeding complications. Case reports and series using thrombolysis as
successful ultima ratio therapy during prolonged CPR were soon followed by
retrospective and interventional studies. These trials showed significantly
improved survival for patients after thrombolysis during CPR. Nevertheless,
none of these trials was randomised. Other trials showed that bleeding
complications do not occur more frequently after thrombolysis during CPR.
Experimental investigations demonstrated that thrombolysis during CPR improves
cerebral microcirculation. The results of the randomised, multicenter trial
TROICA show that tenecteplase alone, does not significantly improve survival.
Further studies on thrombolysis during CPR with additional administration of
heparin and acetylsalicylic acid must follow to ascertain the role of
thrombolysis during CPR. Although thrombolysis during CPR is not a standard
therapy, it should not be withheld from patients in whom pulmonary embolism is
the suspected cause of cardiac arrest, as well as in selected other patients on
the physician’s individual decision according to recent guidelines.
Schlüsselwörter
Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand - Lungenarterienembolie - akuter Myokardinfarkt - kardiopulmonale Reanimation - Thrombolyse - TROICA-Studie
Keywords
cardiac arrest - pulmonary embolism - myocardial infarction - cardiopulmonary resuscitation - thrombolysis - TROICA trial
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1 Nachdruck aus: Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2010; 135: 1983–1988
Prof. Dr. med. Bernd W. Böttiger, DEAA, FESC
Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative
Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Köln
Kerpener Straße 62
50937 Köln
Phone: 0221/478-4807
Fax: 0221/478-6093
Email: bernd.boettiger@uk-koeln.de
URL: http://www.medizin.uni-koeln.de/kliniken/anaesthesie/