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DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1265904
Thrombolyse während der kardiopulmonalen Reanimation[1]
Thrombolysis During Cardio-Pulmonary ResuscitationPublication History
Publication Date:
08 April 2011 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Der plötzliche Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand aufgrund eines akuten Myokardinfarktes oder einer fulminanten Lungenembolie ist aktuell eine der häufigsten Todesursachen in Mitteleuropa. Die Letalität ist dabei ausgesprochen hoch, insbesondere bei außerklinischem Ereignis. Für diese beiden akuten Erkrankungen ist die Thrombolyse seit Langem eine etablierte Therapiemöglichkeit, die den Thrombus bzw. Embolus auflöst und damit die Koronarperfusion wiederherstellt und die rechtsventrikuläre Nachlast normalisiert. Nichtsdestotrotz war die Thrombolyse während der kardiopulmonalen Reanimation (CPR) lange Zeit v. a. aus Sorge vor unbeherrschbaren Blutungskomplikationen kontraindiziert. Nach Veröffentlichungen von Einzelfallberichten und kleineren Fallserien, die überraschend gute Erfolge der Lysetherapie bei initial frustraner CPR zeigten, folgten bald retrospektive Untersuchungen sowie Interventionsstudien mit größerer Fallzahl. Diese konnten einen deutlichen Überlebensvorteil für Patienten zeigen, die während der CPR ein Thrombolytikum erhielten; jedoch war keine dieser Studien randomisiert. Darüber hinaus zeigten Studien, dass schwere Blutungskomplikationen durch Thrombolyse bei CPR nicht signifikant häufiger sind. Experimentelle Untersuchungen lieferten zusätzliche Hinweise, dass die Lyse während CPR die Mikrozirkulation im Gehirn deutlich verbessert. Die Ergebnisse der randomisierten, placebokontrollierten internationalen Multizenterstudie TROICA zeigen, dass die alleinige Gabe des Thrombolytikums Tenecteplase keinen Überlebensvorteil gegenüber Placebo bietet. Weitere Studien zur Thrombolyse während CPR mit zusätzlicher Gabe von Heparin und ASS müssen folgen, um die Rolle der Thrombolyse bei CPR abschließend zu klären. Obwohl die Thrombolyse während CPR momentan keine Standardtherapie darstellt, sollte sie leitlinienkonform bei hochgradigem Verdacht auf eine zugrunde liegende fulminante Lungenembolie sowie darüber hinaus in begründeten Einzelfällen dem Patienten nicht vorenthalten werden.
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death is a leading cause of death in Europe. In the vast majority, myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism is the underlying cause. Lethality is still high, especially if the arrest occurs out of hospital. For these two severe conditions, thrombolysis has proven to be an established therapy. Coronary perfusion is restored or the occlusion in the pulmonary arteries is removed, restoring normal circulation and normalising right-ventricular afterload. Nevertheless, thrombolysis was contraindicated during cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for many years due to the fear of severe bleeding complications. Case reports and series using thrombolysis as successful ultima ratio therapy during prolonged CPR were soon followed by retrospective and interventional studies. These trials showed significantly improved survival for patients after thrombolysis during CPR. Nevertheless, none of these trials was randomised. Other trials showed that bleeding complications do not occur more frequently after thrombolysis during CPR. Experimental investigations demonstrated that thrombolysis during CPR improves cerebral microcirculation. The results of the randomised, multicenter trial TROICA show that tenecteplase alone, does not significantly improve survival. Further studies on thrombolysis during CPR with additional administration of heparin and acetylsalicylic acid must follow to ascertain the role of thrombolysis during CPR. Although thrombolysis during CPR is not a standard therapy, it should not be withheld from patients in whom pulmonary embolism is the suspected cause of cardiac arrest, as well as in selected other patients on the physician’s individual decision according to recent guidelines.
Schlüsselwörter
Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand - Lungenarterienembolie - akuter Myokardinfarkt - kardiopulmonale Reanimation - Thrombolyse - TROICA-Studie
Keywords
cardiac arrest - pulmonary embolism - myocardial infarction - cardiopulmonary resuscitation - thrombolysis - TROICA trial
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1 Nachdruck aus: Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2010; 135: 1983–1988
Prof. Dr. med. Bernd W. Böttiger, DEAA, FESC
Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative
Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Köln
Kerpener Straße 62
50937 Köln
Phone: 0221/478-4807
Fax: 0221/478-6093
Email: bernd.boettiger@uk-koeln.de
URL: http://www.medizin.uni-koeln.de/kliniken/anaesthesie/