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DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1280747
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Herzinsuffizienz – Intensivmedizinisches Management nach Implantation eines mechanischen Linksherzunterstützungssystems
Postoperative management of patients undergoing left ventricular assist device implantationPublication History
Publication Date:
17 June 2011 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Mechanische Linksherzunterstützungssysteme haben sich zu einer bedeutenden Option für die Therapie der terminalen Herzinsuffizienz entwickelt. Leider weist die Kunstherzimplantation nach wie vor eine erhebliche perioperative Morbiditäts- und Sterblichkeitsrate auf. Als wichtigste Komplikationen sind zu nennen: Rechtsherzversagen, Blutung, Infektionen und technische Probleme. Die vorliegende Übersicht fasst aktuelle Strategien zur Einschätzung des perioperativen Risikos und zur Prävention bzw. Therapie von typischen postoperativen Komplikationen zusammen.
Abstract
Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) have become an important option for the treatment of patients with advanced heart failure. Unfortunately, patients undergoing LVAD-implantation still experience considerable perioperative morbidity and mortality. Right ventricular failure, bleeding, infections and device-associated problems represent the major postoperative complications. The present overview summarizes current strategies for preoperative risk estimation and for the prevention and treatment of frequently occurring perioperative complications.
Schlüsselwörter:
Kunstherz - Rechtsherzversagen - Herzinsuffizienz - Blutung - Thrombose
Key words:
left ventricular assist device - right ventricular failure - heart failure - postoperative bleeding - thrombosis
Kernaussagen
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LVAD-Implantationen sollten in einem frühen Stadium der terminalen Herzinsuffizienz und elektiv erfolgen. Zur Abschätzung des individuellen perioperativen Risikos für den Patienten stehen die INTERMACS-Profile sowie der Risiko-Score nach Lietz und Miller zur Verfügung.
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Eine besondere Bedeutung kommt der Prophylaxe und Therapie des Rechtsherzversagens zu, da dieses einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf das postoperative Outcome der Patienten hat.
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Postoperativ muss bei VAD-Patienten die Thrombozytenzahl zumindest während der Heparintherapie engmaschig überwacht werden.
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Bei klinisch anderweitig nicht erklärlichem Abfall und/oder fehlender Erholung der Thrombozytenzahl und/oder dem Auftreten von Thrombosen muss eine HIT-Diagnostik initiiert werden.
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Bei begründetem Verdacht auf Vorliegen oder beim Nachweis einer HIT muss die Heparinzufuhr umgehend gestoppt und auf alternative Substanzen zur systemischen Antikoagulation gewechselt werden, wie z. B. Argatroban oder Lepirudin.
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Um Infektionen zu vermeiden, ist auf strikte Asepsis beim Verbandswechsel sowie eine Immobilisierung der Driveline zu achten.
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PD Dr. med. Steffen Rex
Email: srex@ukaachen.de