Neuromyelitis optica

Zusammenfassung

Die Neuromyelitis optica (NMO, Devic-Syndrom) ist eine entzündliche Erkrankung des Zentralnervensystems mit den Indexereignissen Optikusneuritis und Querschnittsmyelitis. In der Mehrzahl der Fälle ist die NMO autoimmun bedingt und mit dem Vorliegen von Autoantikörpern gegen den Wasserkanal Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) assoziiert. Mit der Entdeckung dieses hochspezifischen Serummarkers gelang erstmalig die Identifizierung eines definierten Zielautoantigens bei einer Erkrankung aus dem Formenkreis der Multiplen Sklerose. Neuere Beobachtungen weisen übereinstimmend darauf hin, dass AQP4-Antikörper auch pathophysiologisch bedeutsam sind und bieten eine Rationale für den Einsatz von Plasmapherese und B-Zell-Depletion in der Therapie der AQP4-Ak-positiven NMO.

Abstract

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO, Devic syndrome) is an autoimmune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis as key clinical features. The presence of highly specific serum autoantibodies, which target the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4), classifies NMO as a distinct entity and as the first inflammatory multiple sclerosis-like disorder of the CNS with a defined autoantigen. Recent observations strongly suggest that the AQP4 antibodies are pathophysiologically relevant and thus provide a rationale for the use of therapeutic strategies directed predominantly against the humoral effector arm of autoimmune responses such as plasma exchange or pharmacological B-cell depletion.

Schlüsselwörter

Neuromyelitis optica - Devic-Syndrom - Antikörper gegen Aquaporin-4 (NMO-IgG) - Longitudinal extensive transverse Myelitis (LETM) - Optikusneuritis

Keywords

neuromyelitis optica - Devic syndrome - antibodies to aquaporin-4 (NMO-IgG) - longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis - optic neuritis

• Literatur

• 1 Jarius S, Wildemann B. [Neuromyelitis optica]. Nervenarzt 2007; 78: 1365-1377
• 2 Paul F, Jarius S, Glumm R et al. [Recent findings in pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy of neuromyelitis optica]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2008; 133: 1125-1129
• 3 Wingerchuk DM, Hogancamp WF, O’Brien PC et al. The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s syndrome). Neurology 1999; 53: 1107-1114
• 4 Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2004; 364: 2106-2112
• 5 Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ et al. IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 473-477
• 6 Jarius S, Franciotta D, Bergamaschi R et al. NMO-IgG in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2007; 68: 1076-1077
• 7 Jarius S, Probst C, Borowski K et al. Standardized method for the detection of antibodies to aquaporin-4 based on a highly sensitive immunofluorescence assay employing recombinant target antigen. J Neurol Sci 2010; 291: 52-56
• 8 Jarius S, Wildemann B. ‘Noteomielite’ accompanied by acute amaurosis (1844). An early case of neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Sci. 2011 doi:
• 9 Pescetto GB. Storia di un caso di noteomielite acuta, accompagnata da amaurosi. Giornale delle Scienze Mediche della Societa Medico-Chirurgica di Torino 1844; 311-324
• 10 Jarius S, Wildemann B. An early case of neuromyelitis optica: on a forgotten report by Jacob Lockhart Clarke, FRS. Mult Scler 2011; 17: 1384-1386
• 11 Lockhart Clarke JA. On a case of paralysis. Lancet 1865; 86: 113-114
• 12 Erb W. Über das Zusammenvorkommen von Neuritis optica und Myelitis subacuta. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 1880; 10: 146-157
• 13 Steffan P. Beitrag zur Lehre des Zusammenhanges der Erkrankungen der Sehnerven mit denen des Rückenmarkes. Bericht über die Versammlung der Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, Heidelberg 1879; 12: 90-105
• 14 Gault F. De la neuromyélite optique aiguë. Thése. In: Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie. Lyon; 1894: 102
• 15 Devic E. Myélite subaiguë compliquée de névrite optique. Le Bulletin Médicale 1894; 8: 1033-1034
• 16 Devic E. Myélite aiguë dorse-lombaire avec névrite optique, autopsie. In: Congrès français de médecine (Premiere Session, Lyon). Lyon; 1895: 434-439
• 17 Acchiote P. Sur un cas de neuromyélite subaiguë ou maladie de Devic. Revue neurologique 1907; 15: 775-777
• 18 Bizzoco E, Lolli F, Repice AM et al. Prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and phenotype distribution. J Neurol 2009; 256: 1891-1898
• 19 Asgari N, Lillevang ST, Skejoe HP et al. A population-based study of neuromyelitis optica in Caucasians. Neurology 2011; 76: 1589-1595
• 20 Shibasaki H, McDonald WI, Kuroiwa Y. Racial modification of clinical picture of multiple sclerosis: comparison between British and Japanese patients. J Neurol Sci 1981; 49: 253-271
• 21 Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Aktas O. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings in 151 patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and related disorders: a multi-center observational study on behalf of the German Neuromyelitis optica Study Group (NEMOS). Neurology 2011; 76: A534-
• 22 Kira J. Multiple sclerosis in the Japanese population. Lancet Neurol 2003; 2: 117-127
• 23 Misu T, Fujihara K, Nakashima I et al. Pure optic-spinal form of multiple sclerosis in Japan. Brain 2002; 125: 2460-2468
• 24 Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM, Nakashima I et al. OSMS is NMO, but not MS: proven clinically and pathologically. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5: 110-111
• 25 de Seze J, Stojkovic T, Ferriby D et al. Devic’s neuromyelitis optica: clinical, laboratory, MRI and outcome profile. J Neurol Sci 2002; 197: 57-61
• 26 Weinshenker BG, Bass B, Rice GP et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. I. Clinical course and disability. Brain 1989; 112 (Pt 1) 133-146
• 27 Barbieri F, Buscaino GA. Neuromyelitis optica in the elderly. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 1989; 11: 247-251
• 28 Lotze TE, Northrop JL, Hutton GJ et al. Spectrum of pediatric neuromyelitis optica. Pediatrics 2008; 122: e1039-e1047
• 29 Collongues N, Marignier R, Zephir H et al. Neuromyelitis optica in France: a multicenter study of 125 patients. Neurology 2010; 74: 736-742
• 30 Huppke P, Bluthner M, Bauer O et al. Neuromyelitis optica and NMO-IgG in European pediatric patients. Neurology 2010; 75: 1740-1744
• 31 Collongues N, Marignier R, Zephir H et al. Long-term follow-up of neuromyelitis optica with a pediatric onset. Neurology 2010; 75: 1084-1088
• 32 Nagaishi A, Takagi M, Umemura A et al. Clinical features of neuromyelitis optica in a large Japanese cohort: comparison between phenotypes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011; 82: 1360-1364
• 33 Wingerchuk DM, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF et al. A secondary progressive clinical course is uncommon in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2007; 68: 603-605
• 34 Ghezzi A, Bergamaschi R, Martinelli V et al. Clinical characteristics, course and prognosis of relapsing Devic’s Neuromyelitis Optica. J Neurol 2004; 251: 47-52
• 35 Akman-Demir G, Tuzun E, Waters P et al. Prognostic implications of aquaporin-4 antibody status in neuromyelitis optica patients. J Neurol 2011; 258: 464-470
• 36 Ghezzi A, Baldini S, Zaffaroni M et al. Devic’s neuromyelitis optica and mitochondrial DNA mutation: a case report. Neurol Sci 2004; 25 (Suppl. 04) S380-S382
• 37 Collongues N, Cabre P, Marignier R et al. A benign form of neuromyelitis optica: does it exist?. Arch Neurol 2011; 68: 918-924
• 38 Misu T, Fujihara K, Nakashima I et al. Intractable hiccup and nausea with periaqueductal lesions in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2005; 65: 1479-1482
• 39 Takahashi T, Miyazawa I, Misu T et al. Intractable hiccup and nausea in neuromyelitis optica with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody: a herald of acute exacerbations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 1075-1078
• 40 McKeon A, Lennon VA, Lotze T et al. CNS aquaporin-4 autoimmunity in children. Neurology 2008; 71: 93-100
• 41 Baba T, Nakashima I, Kanbayashi T et al. Narcolepsy as an initial manifestation of neuromyelitis optica with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody. J Neurol 2009; 256: 287-288
• 42 Kanbayashi T, Shimohata T, Nakashima I et al. Symptomatic narcolepsy in patients with neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis: new neurochemical and immunological implications. Arch Neurol 2009; 66: 1563-1566
• 43 You XF, Qin W, Hu WL. Aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 2011; 16: 68-71
• 44 Apiwattanakul M, Popescu BF, Matiello M et al. Intractable vomiting as the initial presentation of neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 2010; 68: 757-761
• 45 Pittock SJ, Lennon VA, Krecke K et al. Brain abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 2006; 63: 390-396
• 46 Kim W, Park MS, Lee SH et al. Characteristic brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in central nervous system aquaporin-4 autoimmunity. Mult Scler 2010; 16: 1229-1236
• 47 Sellner J, Hemmer B, Muhlau M. The clinical spectrum and immunobiology of parainfectious neuromyelitis optica (Devic) syndromes. J Autoimmun 2010; 34: 371-379
• 48 Jarius S, Wandinger KP, Platzer S et al. Homology between Klebsiella pneumoniae and human aquaporin-4: no evidence for cross-reactivity in neuromyelitis optica. A study on 114 patients. J Neurol 2011; 258: 929-931
• 49 Pittock SJ, Lennon VA, de Seze J et al. Neuromyelitis optica and non organ-specific autoimmunity. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 78-83
• 50 Pittock SJ, Lennon VA. Aquaporin-4 autoantibodies in a paraneoplastic context. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 629-632
• 51 Berglund L, Bjorling E, Oksvold P et al. A genecentric Human Protein Atlas for expression profiles based on antibodies. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7: 2019-2027
• 52 Jarius S, Warth A, Wandinger KP et al. Antibodies to aquaporin-4 in non-small cell lung cancer: a study on 50 patients. Neurol Sci 2010; 31: 871-872
• 53 Weinshenker BG, Wingerchuk DM, Vukusic S et al. Neuromyelitis optica IgG predicts relapse after longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Ann Neurol 2006; 59: 566-569
• 54 Matiello M, Lennon VA, Jacob A et al. NMO-IgG predicts the outcome of recurrent optic neuritis. Neurology 2008; 70: 2197-2200
• 55 Petzold A, Pittock S, Lennon V et al. Neuromyelitis optica-IgG (aquaporin-4) autoantibodies in immune mediated optic neuritis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81: 109-111
• 56 Jarius S, Frederikson J, Waters P et al. Frequency and prognostic impact of antibodies to aquaporin-4 in patients with optic neuritis. J Neurol Sci 2010; 298: 158-162
• 57 Kolfenbach JR, Horner BJ, Ferucci ED et al. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in patients with connective tissue disease and myelitis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011; 63:1203-1208
• 58 Aktas O, Hartung HP. Neuromyelitis and more: the unfolding spectrum of aquaporin 4-related neurological diseases. J Neurol 2009; 256: 1906-1908
• 59 Trebst C, Berthele A, Jarius S et al. Diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica. Consensus recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group. Nervenarzt 2011; 82: 768-777
• 60 De Keyser J. Autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1988; 38: 371-374
• 61 Jarius S, Jacob S, Waters P et al. Neuromyelitis optica in patients with gluten sensitivity associated with antibodies to aquaporin-4. J ­Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 1084
• 62 Jarius S, Paul F, Franciotta D et al. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in patients with myasthenia gravis: Ten new aquaporin-4 antibody positive cases and a review of the literature. Mult Scler 2011; doi: 10.1177/1352458511431728
• 63 Jarius S, Jacobi C, de Seze J et al. Frequency and syndrome specificity of antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neurological patients with rheumatic disorders. Mult Scler 2011; 17: 1067-1073
• 64 Bergamaschi R, Jarius S, Robotti M et al. Two cases of benign neuromyelitis optica in patients with celiac disease. J Neurol 2009; 256: 2097-2099
• 65 Wandinger KP, Stangel M, Witte T et al. Autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62: 1198-1200
• 66 Zavada J, Nytrova P, Wandinger KP et al. Seroprevalence and specificity of NMO-IgG (anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies) in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2011;
• 67 Magana SM, Matiello M, Pittock SJ et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology 2009; 72: 712-717
• 68 Sanchez-Carteyron A, Alarcia R, Ara JR et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after rituximab infusion in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2010; 74: 1471-1473
• 69 Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2006; 66: 1485-1489
• 70 Paty DW, Oger JJ, Kastrukoff LF et al. MRI in the diagnosis of MS: a prospective study with comparison of clinical evaluation, evoked potentials, oligoclonal banding, and CT. Neurology 1988; 38: 180-185
• 71 Nakamura M, Misu T, Fujihara K et al. Occurrence of acute large and edematous callosal lesions in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2009; 15: 695-700
• 72 Poppe AY, Lapierre Y, Melancon D et al. Neuromyelitis optica with hypothalamic involvement. Mult Scler 2005; 11: 617-621
• 73 Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Miyazawa I et al. Clinical and MRI features of Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis positive for NMO-IgG. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77: 1073-1075
• 74 Pittock SJ, Weinshenker BG, Lucchinetti CF et al. Neuromyelitis optica brain lesions localized at sites of high aquaporin 4 expression. Arch Neurol 2006; 63: 964-968
• 75 Lim BC, Hwang H, Kim KJ et al. Relapsing demyelinating CNS disease in a Korean pediatric population: multiple sclerosis versus neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2011; 17: 67-73
• 76 Kitley J, Leite M, George J et al. The differential diagnosis of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Mult Scler. 2011
• 77 Petzold A, de Boer JF, Schippling S et al. Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 921-932
• 78 Bock M, Brandt AU, Dorr J et al. Time domain and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: a comparative cross-sectional study. Mult Scler 2010; 16: 893-896
• 79 Bock M, Brandt AU, Dorr J et al. Patterns of retinal nerve fiber layer loss in multiple sclerosis patients with or without optic neuritis and glaucoma patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2010; 112: 647-652
• 80 Brandt AU, Oberwahrenbrock T, Ringelstein M et al. Primary retinal pathology in multiple sclerosis as detected by optical coherence tomography. Brain 2011; ;134:e193*****
• 81 de Seze J, Blanc F, Jeanjean L et al. Optical coherence tomography in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 920-923
• 82 Naismith RT, Tutlam NT, Xu J et al. Optical coherence tomography differs in neuromyelitis optica compared with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2009; 72: 1077-1082
• 83 Ratchford JN, Quigg ME, Conger A et al. Optical coherence tomography helps differentiate neuromyelitis optica and MS optic neuropathies. Neurology 2009; 73: 302-308
• 84 Pfueller CF, Paul F. Imaging the Visual Pathway in Neuromyelitis Optica. Multiple Sclerosis International 2011; 2011: article ID 869814
• 85 Jarius S, Wildemann B. AQP4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica: diagnostic and pathogenetic relevance. Nat Rev Neurol 2010; 6: 383-392
• 86 Takahashi T, Fujihara K, Nakashima I et al. Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody is involved in the pathogenesis of NMO: a study on antibody titre. Brain 2007; 130: 1235-1243
• 87 Waters P, Jarius S, Littleton E et al. Aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 913-919
• 88 Matsushita T, Isobe N, Matsuoka T et al. Aquaporin-4 autoimmune syndrome and anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-negative opticospinal multiple sclerosis in Japanese. Mult Scler 2009; 15: 834-847
• 89 Kalluri SR, Illes Z, Srivastava R et al. Quantification and functional characterization of antibodies to native aquaporin 4 in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 2010; 67: 1201-1208
• 90 Paul F, Jarius S, Aktas O et al. Antibody to aquaporin 4 in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica. PLoS Med 2007; 4: e133
• 91 Hayakawa S, Mori M, Okuta A et al. Neuromyelitis optica and anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 196: 181-187
• 92 Nicchia GP, Mastrototaro M, Rossi A et al. Aquaporin-4 orthogonal arrays of particles are the target for neuromyelitis optica autoantibodies. Glia 2009; 57: 1363-1373
• 93 Furman CS, Gorelick-Feldman DA, Davidson KG et al. Aquaporin-4 square array assembly: opposing actions of M1 and M23 isoforms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 13609-13614
• 94 Mader S, Lutterotti A, Di Pauli F et al. Patterns of antibody binding to aquaporin-4 isoforms in neuromyelitis optica. PLoS One 2010; 5: e10455
• 95 Sabater L, Giralt A, Boronat A et al. Cytotoxic effect of neuromyelitis optica antibody (NMO-IgG) to astrocytes: an in vitro study. Neuro­immunol 2009; 215: 31-35
• 96 Bonnan M, Valentino R, Olindo S et al. Plasma exchange in severe spinal attacks associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler 2009; 15: 487-492
• 97 Jarius S, Franciotta D, Bergamaschi R et al. Immunoglobulin M antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48: 659-663
• 98 Klawiter EC, Alvarez 3rd E, Xu J et al. NMO-IgG detected in CSF in seronegative neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2009; 72: 1101-1103
• 99 McKeon A, Pittock SJ, Lennon VA. CSF complements serum for evaluating paraneoplastic antibodies and NMO-IgG. Neurology 2011; 76: 1108-1110
• 100 Jarius S, Franciotta D, Paul F et al. Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders: frequency, origin, and diagnostic relevance. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7: 52
• 101 Dujmovic I, Mader S, Schanda K et al. Temporal dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 234: 124-130
• 102 Jarius S, Aboul-Enein F, Waters P et al. Antibody to aquaporin-4 in the long-term course of neuromyelitis optica. Brain 2008; 131: 3072-3080
• 103 Chihara N, Aranami T, Sato W et al. Interleukin 6 signaling promotes anti-aquaporin 4 autoantibody production from plasmablasts in neuromyelitis optica. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 3701-3706
• 104 Bergamaschi R. Importance of cerebrospinal fluid examination in differential diagnosis of Devic’s neuromyelitis optica by multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2003; 24: 95-96
• 105 Bergamaschi R, Tonietti S, Franciotta D et al. Oligoclonal bands in Devic’s neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis: differences in repeated cerebrospinal fluid examinations. Mult Scler 2004; 10: 2-4
• 106 Zaffaroni M. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. Neurol Sci 2004; 25 (Suppl. 04) S368-S370
• 107 Nakamura M, Nakashima I, Sato S et al. Clinical and laboratory features of neuromyelitis optica with oligoclonal IgG bands. Mult Scler 2007; 13: 332-335
• 108 Jarius S, Paul F, Franciotta D et al. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica: Results from 211 lumbar punctures. J Neurol Sci 2011; 306: 82-90
• 109 Andersson M, Alvarez-Cermeno J, Bernardi G et al. Cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus report. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 897-902
• 110 Reiber H, Teut M, Pohl D et al. Paediatric and adult multiple sclerosis: age-related differences and time course of the neuroimmunological response in cerebrospinal fluid. Mult Scler 2009; 15: 1466-1480
• 111 Walsh MJ, Tourtellotte WW. Temporal invariance and clonal uniformity of brain and cerebrospinal IgG, IgA, and IgM in multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med 1986; 163: 41-53
• 112 Tumani H, Deisenhammer F, Giovannoni G et al. Revised McDonald criteria: the persisting importance of cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Ann Neurol 2011; 70: 520 author reply 521
• 113 Jarius S, Franciotta D, Bergamaschi R et al. Polyspecific, antiviral immune response distinguishes multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 1134-1136
• 114 Misu T, Fujihara K, Kakita A et al. Loss of aquaporin 4 in lesions of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Brain 2007; 130: 1224-1234
• 115 Roemer SF, Parisi JE, Lennon VA et al. Pattern-specific loss of aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity distinguishes neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis. Brain 2007; 130: 1194-1205
• 116 Jarius S, Paul F, Franciotta D et al. Mechanisms of disease: aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2008; 4: 202-214
• 117 Misu T, Takano R, Fujihara K et al. Marked increase in cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillar acidic protein in neuromyelitis optica: an astrocytic damage marker. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009; 80: 575-577
• 118 Lucchinetti CF, Mandler RN, McGavern D et al. A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. Brain 2002; 125: 1450-1461
• 119 Watanabe S, Nakashima I, Misu T et al. Therapeutic efficacy of plasma exchange in NMO-IgG-positive patients with neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2007; 13: 128-132
• 120 Cree BA, Lamb S, Morgan K et al. An open label study of the effects of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2005; 64: 1270-1272
• 121 Jacob A, Weinshenker BG, Violich I et al. Treatment of neuromyelitis optica with rituximab: retrospective analysis of 25 patients. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 1443-1448
• 122 Pellkofer HL, Krumbholz M, Berthele A et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with neuromyelitis optica after repeated therapy with rituximab. Neurology 2011; 76: 1310-1315
• 123 Kim SH, Kim W, Li XF et al. Repeated Treatment With Rituximab Based on the Assessment of Peripheral Circulating Memory B Cells in Patients With Relapsing Neuromyelitis Optica Over 2 Years. Arch Neurol 2011;
• 124 Bedi GS, Brown AD, Delgado SR et al. Impact of rituximab on relapse rate and disability in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2011; 17: 1225-1230
• 125 Tuzun E, Kurtuncu M, Turkoglu R et al. Enhanced complement consumption in neuromyelitis optica and Behcet’s disease patients. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 233: 211-215
• 126 Hinson SR, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF et al. Pathogenic potential of IgG binding to water channel extracellular domain in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2007; 69: 2221-2231
• 127 Vincent T, Saikali P, Cayrol R et al. Functional consequences of neuromyelitis optica-IgG astrocyte interactions on blood-brain barrier permeability and granulocyte recruitment. J Immunol 2008; 181: 5730-5737
• 128 Hinson SR, Roemer SF, Lucchinetti CF et al. Aquaporin-4-binding autoantibodies in patients with neuromyelitis optica impair glutamate transport by down-regulating EAAT2. J Exp Med 2008; 205: 2473-2481
• 129 Kinoshita M, Nakatsuji Y, Kimura T et al. Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody induces astrocytic cytotoxicity in the absence of CNS antigen-specific T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394: 205-210
• 130 Kinoshita M, Nakatsuji Y, Moriya M et al. Astrocytic necrosis is induced by anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive serum. Neuroreport 2009; 20: 508-512
• 131 Hinson SR, McKeon A, Fryer JP et al. Prediction of neuromyelitis optica attack severity by quantitation of complement-mediated injury to aquaporin-4-expressing cells. Arch Neurol 2009; 66: 1164-1167
• 132 Kinoshita M, Nakatsuji Y, Kimura T et al. Neuromyelitis optica: Passive transfer to rats by human immunoglobulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386: 623-627
• 133 Bradl M, Misu T, Takahashi T et al. Neuromyelitis optica: pathogenicity of patient immunoglobulin in vivo. Ann Neurol 2009; 66: 630-643
• 134 Bennett JL, Lam C, Kalluri SR et al. Intrathecal pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in early neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 2009; 66: 617-629
• 135 Saadoun S, Waters P, Bell BA et al. Intra-cerebral injection of neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G and human complement produces neuromyelitis optica lesions in mice. Brain 2010; 133: 349-361
• 136 Nishiyama S, Ito T, Misu T et al. A case of NMO seropositive for aquaporin-4 antibody more than 10 years before onset. Neurology 2009; 72: 1960-1961
• 137 Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG. Neuromyelitis optica. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2008; 10: 55-66
• 138 Weinshenker BG, O’Brien PC, Petterson TM et al. A randomized trial of plasma exchange in acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease. Ann Neurol 1999; 46: 878-886
• 139 Magana SM, Keegan BM, Weinshenker BG et al. Beneficial plasma exchange response in central nervous system inflammatory demyelination. Arch Neurol 2011; 68: 870-878
• 140 Papeix C, Vidal JS, de Seze J et al. Immunosuppressive therapy is more effective than interferon in neuromyelitis optica. Mult Scler 2007; 13: 256-259
• 141 Shimizu Y, Yokoyama K, Misu T et al. Development of extensive brain lesions following interferon beta therapy in relapsing neuromyelitis optica and longitudinally extensive myelitis. J Neurol 2008; 255: 305-307
• 142 Shimizu J, Hatanaka Y, Hasegawa M et al. IFNbeta-1b may severely exacerbate Japanese optic-spinal MS in neuromyelitis optica spectrum. Neurology 2010; 75: 1423-1427
• 143 Kleiter I, Hellwig K, Berthele A et al. Failure of natalizumab to prevent relapses in neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol. 2011 in press
• 144 Bergamaschi R, Uggetti C, Tonietti S et al. A case of relapsing neuromyelitis optica treated with glatiramer acetate. J Neurol 2003; 250: 359-361
• 145 Gartzen K, Limmroth V, Putzki N. Relapsing neuromyelitis optica responsive to glatiramer acetate treatment. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14: e12-e13
• 146 Mandler RN, Ahmed W, Dencoff JE. Devic’s neuromyelitis optica: a prospective study of seven patients treated with prednisone and azathioprine. Neurology 1998; 51: 1219-1220
• 147 Schroder A, Ellrichmann G, Chehab G et al. Rituximab in treatment for neuroimmunological diseases. Nervenarzt 2009; 80: 155-156 158-160, 162-155
• 148 Weinstock-Guttman B, Ramanathan M, Lincoff N et al. Study of mitoxantrone for the treatment of recurrent neuromyelitis optica (Devic disease). Arch Neurol 2006; 63: 957-963
• 149 Kim SH, Kim W, Park MS et al. Efficacy and safety of mitoxantrone in patients with highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica. Arch Neurol 2011; 68: 473-479
• 150 Jacob A, Matiello M, Weinshenker BG et al. Treatment of neuromyelitis optica with mycophenolate mofetil: retrospective analysis of 24 patients. Arch Neurol 2009; 66: 1128-1133
• 151 Heerlein K, Jarius S, Jacobi C et al. Aquaporin-4 antibody positive longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis following varicella zoster infection. J Neurol Sci 2009; 279: 184-186
• 152 Jarius S, Wandinger KP, Borowski K et al. Antibodies to CV2/CRMP5 in neuromyelitis optica-like disease: Case report and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2011;
• 153 Naval S, Contreras I, Muñoz S et al. Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica: an update. Mult Scler Int 2011; 2011. 472790-
• 154 Jarius S, Wildemann B Effect of storage conditions and freeze/thaw cycles on aquaporin-4 antibody (NMO-IgG) serum levels. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;
• 155 Jarius S, Paul FP, Martins da Silva A et al. Neuromyelitis optica and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis following thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. Mult Scler 2007; 13: PS34
• 156 Costanzi C, Matiello M, Lucchinetti CF et al. Azathioprine: tolerability, efficacy and predictors of benefit in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology. 2011; 77: 659-666