EEG-basierte Brain-Computer Interfaces zur Echtzeit-Dekodierung mentaler Zustände^{[ *]}

Zusammenfassung

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) setzen algorithmische Verfahren des maschinellen Lernens ein, um für jeden Benutzer spezifische Muster hochdimensionaler EEG-Merkmale zu extrahieren. Diese sind dafür optimiert, Intentions-bezogene Hirnzustände in Echtzeit zu dekodieren. Klassische BCI-Anwendungen für gelähmte Patienten sind Steuerungen von aktiven Prothesen oder Texteingabeprogrammen. Um motorische Intentionen des Benutzers zu erkennen, nutzt das BCI individuelle Aktivierungsindizes des Oberflächen-EEGs, wie das Bereitschaftspotenzial oder die Modulation regionaler Eigenrhythmen. Auch jenseits der Rehabilitation gibt es eine wachsende Bandbreite neuer Anwendungen dieser Neurotechnologie; beispielsweise kann das BCI als optimiertes Feedback-Instrument zur Stabilisierung mentaler Zustände wie Vigilanz oder Aufmerksamkeit eingesetzt werden.

Abstract

Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) employ algorithmic procedures of machine learning in order to extract user-specific patterns of high-dimensional EEG features. These patterns are optimised to decode intention-related brain states in real-time. Characteristic BCI applications for paralysed patients are control of active prostheses or speller software. To recognise a user’s motor intention a BCI system utilises individual EEG activation indices, such as the readiness potential or the modulation of regional EEG rhythms. Also beyond the borders of rehabilitation, this neurotechnology enables a growing set of novel application scenarios, e. g., BCIs can serve as optimised feedback tools for the stabilisation of mental states such as vigilance or attention.

Schlüsselwörter

Gehirn-Computer Schnittstelle - Maschinelles Lernen - Bereitschaftspotenzial - Neuro-Feedback - Prothesensteuerung

Key words

brain-computer interface (BCI) - machine learning - readiness potential - neuro-feedback - prosthesis control

^*Gekürzte und aktualisierte Fassung des Beitrags „Forschen an einer neuen Schnittstelle zum Gehim: Das Berliner Brain-Computer Interface. „Müller KR, Blankertz B, Tangermann M, Curio G. In: Lengauer T (Ed.): Computermodelle in der Wissenschaft-zwischen Analyse, Vorhersage und Suggestion. Nova Acta Leopoldina. 2011; 110 (377): 235-257; Nachdruck mit freundlicher Genehmigung durch die Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoidina-Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften

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