Laienreanimationsunterricht an Schulen

Kernaussagen

• Eine der häufigsten abwendbaren Todesursachen in den westlichen Industrienationen bleibt der plötzliche Herztod.

• Mehr Menschen müssen vor einem zu frühen Versterben durch den plötzlichen Herztod bewahrt werden.

• Laienreanimation verdoppelt bis vervierfacht die Überlebensrate und stellt den stärksten Einflussfaktor zur Verbesserung des Behandlungsergebnisses dar.

• Die Laienreanimationsrate in Deutschland ist mit 15–30 % dramatisch gering.

• Länder, in denen Laienreanimation in Schulen vermittelt wird, haben mit 50–75 % signifikant höhere Laienreanimationsquoten.

• Laienreanimation gehört in den Schulunterricht.

• Ein Laienreanimationstraining an Schulen, angepasst an das Alter der Kinder, ist effektiv und mit wenig Aufwand einführbar.

• Sogar Vorschüler können einen Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand erkennen und einen Notruf absetzen.

• Ältere Schüler können zusätzlich erfolgreich die Basismaßnahmen der Wiederbelebung (Thoraxkompression und Beatmung) trainieren und durchführen.

• Ein praktisches Training mit regelmäßigen Wiederholungen ist essenziell, um die erworbenen Fähigkeiten zu konsolidieren.

• Das Training der Laienreanimation schult die soziale Kompetenz der Kinder und das Gemeinschaftsgefühl.

• Eine lokale und regionale Umsetzung in Deutschland sollte, unabhängig von der Lehrmethode, anhand eines einheitlichen Curriculums erfolgen.

• Literatur

• 1 Berdowski J, Blom MT, Bardai A et al. Impact of onsite or dispatched automated external defibrillator use on survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 2001; 124: 2225-2232
• 2 Bernardo LM, Doyle C, Bryn S. Basic emergency lifesaving skills (BELS): a framework for teaching skills to children and adolescents. Int J Trauma Nurs 2002; 8: 48-50
• 3 Bohn A, Van Aken HK, Mollhoff T et al. Teaching resuscitation in schools: annual tuition by trained teachers is effective starting at age 10. A four-year prospective cohort study. Resuscitation 2012; 83: 619-625
• 4 Bollig G, Wahl HA, Svendsen MV. Primary school children are able to perform basic life-saving first aid measures. Resuscitation 2009; 80: 689-692
• 5 Breckwoldt J. Reanimationsunterricht in Schulen – Ein Weg zur Verbesserung der Reanimationsergebnisse?. Notfall Rettungsmed 2009; 12: 347-353
• 6 Breckwoldt J, Beetz D, Schnitzer L et al. Medical students teaching basic life support to school children as a required element of medical education: a randomised controlled study comparing three different approaches to fifth year medical training in emergency medicine. Resuscitation 2007; 74: 158-165
• 7 Breckwoldt J, Kreimeier U. Ausbildung von Schülern zu Ersthelfern bei der Reanimation. Notfall Rettungsmed 2013; 16: 356-360
• 8 Breckwoldt J, Schloesser S, Arntz HR. Perceptions of collapse and assessment of cardiac arrest by bystanders of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA). Resuscitation 2009; 80: 1108-1113
• 9 Burghofer K, Schlechtriemen T, Lackner CK. Konsequenzen aus der Altruismusforschung für die Ausbildung in Erster Hilfe. Notfall Rettungsmed 2005; 8: 408-411
• 10 Cave DM, Aufderheide TP, Beeson J et al. American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee, Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation, Council on Cardiovascular Diseases in the Young, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing & Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Advocacy Coordinating Committee. Importance and implementation of training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation in schools: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123: 691-706
• 11 Chamberlain DA, Hazinski MF. European Resuscitation Council, American Heart Association, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Australia and New Zealand Resuscitation Council, Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa and Consejo Latino-Americano de Resuscitacion. Education in resuscitation. Resuscitation 2003; 59: 11-43
• 12 Colquhoun M. Learning CPR at school-everyone should do it. Resuscitation 2012; 83: 543-544
• 13 Connolly M, Toner P, Connolly D et al. The ‘ABC for life programme – teaching basic life support in schools. Resuscitation 2007; 72: 270-279
• 14 Creutzfeldt J, Hedman L, Heinrichs L et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in high school using avatars in virtual worlds: an international feasibility study. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15: e9
• 15 Elliott VJ, Rodgers DL, Brett SJ. Systematic review of quality of life and other patient-centred outcomes after cardiac arrest survival. Resuscitation 2011; 82: 247-256
• 16 Fleischhackl R, Nuernberger A, Sterz F et al. School children sufficiently apply life supporting first aid: a prospective investigation. Crit Care 2009; 13: R127
• 17 Grasner JT, Wnent J, Seewald S et al. Erste Hilfe und Traumamanagement: Ergebnisse aus dem Deutschen Reanimationsregister. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther AINS 2012; 47: 724-732
• 18 Gundry JW, Comess KA, DeRook FA et al. Comparison of naive sixth-grade children with trained professionals in the use of an automated external defibrillator. Circulation 1999; 100: 1703-1707
• 19 Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J. Effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Resuscitationn 2000; 47: 59-70
• 20 Isbye DL, Rasmussen LS, Ringsted C et al. Disseminating cardiopulmonary resuscitation training by distributing 35,000 personal manikins among school children. Circulation 2007; 116: 1380-1385
• 21 Jimenez-Fabrega X, Escalada-Roig X, Sanchez M et al. Results achieved by emergency physicians in teaching basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to secondary school students. Eur J Emerg Med 2009; 16: 139-144
• 22 Jones I, Whitfield R, Colquhoun M et al. At what age can schoolchildren provide effective chest compressions? An observational study from the Heartstart UK schools training programme. BMJ (Clin Res edn) 2007; 334: 1201
• 23 Kanstad BK, Nilsen SA, Fredriksen K. CPR knowledge and attitude to performing bystander CPR among secondary school students in Norway. Resuscitation 2011; 82: 1053-1059
• 24 Kelley J, Richman PB, Ewy GA et al. Eighth grade students become proficient at CPR and use of an AED following a condensed training programme. Resuscitation 2006; 71: 229-236
• 25 Koster RW, Baubin MA, Bossaert LL et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 2. Adult basic life support and use of automated external defibrillators. Resuscitation 2010; 81: 1277-1292
• 26 Lawson L, March J. Automated external defibrillation by very young, untrained children. Prehosp Emerg Care 2002; 6: 295-298
• 27 Lindner TW, Soreide E, Nilsen OB et al. Good outcome in every fourth resuscitation attempt is achievable-an Utstein template report from the Stavanger region. Resuscitation 2011; 82: 1508-1513
• 28 Lorem T, Palm A, Wik L. Impact of a self-instruction CPR kit on 7th graders and adults skills and CPR performance. Resuscitation 2008; 79: 103-108
• 29 Lorem T, Steen PA, Wik L. High school students as ambassadors of CPR-a model for reaching the most appropriate target population?. Resuscitation 2010; 81: 78-81
• 30 Lubrano R, Romero S, Scoppi P et al. How to become an under 11 rescuer: a practical method to teach first aid to primary schoolchildren. Resuscitation 2005; 64: 303-307
• 31 Lundgren-Nilsson A, Rosen H, Hofgren C et al. The first year after successful cardiac resuscitation: function, activity, participation and quality of life. Resuscitation 2005; 66: 285-289
• 32 McCluskey D, Moore P, Campbell S et al. Teaching CPR in secondary education: the opinions of head teachers in one region of the UK. Resuscitation 2010; 81: 1601
• 33 Mpotos N, Vekeman E, Monsieurs K et al. Knowledge and willingness to teach cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a survey amongst 4273 teachers. Resuscitation 2013; 84: 496-500
• 34 Neukamm J, Graesner JT, Schewe JC et al. The impact of response time reliability on CPR incidence and resuscitation success – a benchmark study from the German Resuscitation Registry. Crit Care 2011; 15: R282
• 35 Nolan JP. Optimizing outcome after cardiac arrest. Curr Opinion Crit Care 2011; 17: 520-526
• 36 Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Soar J et al. European Resuscitation Council. European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 4. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 2005; 67 Suppl 1: S39-S86
• 37 Nolan JP, Soar J, Zideman DA et al. ERC Guidelines Writing Group. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 1. Executive summary. Resuscitation 2010; 81: 1219-1276
• 38 Perkins GD, Stephenson B, Hulme J et al. Birmingham assessment of breathing study (BABS). Resuscitation 2005; 64: 109-113
• 39 Plant N, Taylor K. How best to teach CPR to schoolchildren: A systematic review. Resuscitation 2012; 84: 415-421
• 40 Reder S, Quan L. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in Washington state public high schools. Resuscitation 2003; 56: 283-288
• 41 Reinier K, Thomas E, Andrusiek DL et al. Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Socioeconomic status and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest. Can Med Assoc J CMAJ 2011; 183: 1705-1712
• 42 Roppolo LP, Pepe PE. Cimon N et al. and Council of Standards Pre-Arrival Instruction Committee, National Academies of Emergency Dispatch (writing group). Modified cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instruction protocols for emergency medical dispatchers: rationale and recommendations. Resuscitation 2005; 65: 203-210
• 43 Rucker G. Thieme Teaching Award 2011 – Wiederbelebungstraining für Siebtklässler und Playmobil-Krankenhaus für Grundschüler. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. AINS 2011; 46: 534-535
• 44 Rucker G. Wiederbelebungsunterricht bei Schülern: Ab der siebten Klasse sinnvoll. Dtsch Ärztebl 2010; 107: A492-A493
• 45 Stiell I, Nichol G, Wells G et al. OPALS Study Group. Health-related quality of life is better for cardiac arrest survivors who received citizen cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 2003; 108: 1939-1944
• 46 Stromsoe A, Andersson B, Ekstrom L et al. Education in cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Sweden and its clinical consequences. Resuscitation 2010; 81: 211-216
• 47 Teague G, Riley RH. Online resuscitation training. Does it improve high school students ability to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a simulated environment?. Resuscitation 2006; 71: 352-357
• 48 Toner P, Connolly M, Laverty L et al. Teaching basic life support to school children using medical students and teachers in a ‘peer-training model-results of the ‘ABC for life programme. Resuscitation 2007; 75: 169-175
• 49 Uray T, Lunzer A, Ochsenhofer A et al. Feasibility of life-supporting first-aid (LSFA) training as a mandatory subject in primary schools. Resuscitation 2003; 59: 211-220
• 50 Van Hoeyweghen RJ, Bossaert LL, Mullie A et al. Quality and efficiency of bystander CPR. Belgian Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Resuscitation 1993; 26: 47-52
• 51 Vanderschmidt H, Burnap TK, Thwaites JK. Evaluation of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation course for secondary schools retention study. Med Care 1976; 14: 181-184
• 52 Wik L, Steen PA, Bircher NG. Quality of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation influences outcome after prehospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 1994; 28: 195-203
• 53 Youngblood P, Hedman L, Creutzfeld J et al. Virtual worlds for teaching the new CPR to high school students. Stud Health Technol Informat 2007; 125: 515-519