Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2016; 233(06): 757-784
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1358229
Augenheilkunde up2date
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Anästhesie in der Augenheilkunde

Anaesthesia in Ophthalmic Surgery
Stephan Waxweiler
Facharzt für Anästhesiologie, Köln
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
20 May 2016 (online)

Am Auge wird eine Vielzahl operativer Eingriffe durchgeführt bei einem Patientengut, das aufgrund seiner Vor- und Begleiterkrankungen bzw. seines Alters häufig in eine höhere Risikogruppe eingestuft werden muss.

Der folgende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die heute zur Verfügung stehenden Narkosemöglichkeiten für Operationen am Auge. Die Auswahl des jeweiligen Anästhesieverfahrens sollte immer in enger Absprache mit Operateur und Patient getroffen werden.

 
  • Literatur

  • 1 Koolwijk J, Fick M, Selles C et al. Outpatient cataract surgery: incident and procedural risk analysis do not support current clinical ophthalmology guidelines. Ophthalmology 2015; 122: 281-287
  • 2 Aurini L, White PF. Anesthesia for the elderly outpatient. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2014; 27: 563-575
  • 3 Bourgon AL, Fox JP, Saxe JM et al. Outcomes and charges associated with outpatient inguinal hernia repair according to method of anesthesia and surgical approach. Am J Surg 2015; 209: 468-472
  • 4 Atalla ML, Wells KK, Peucker N et al. Cataract extraction in a major ophthalmic hospital: day-case or overnight stay?. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2000; 28: 83-88
  • 5 Lee JC, Kim YC. Outpatient- and inpatient-based buckling surgery: a comparative study. Clin Ophthalmol 2014; 8: 793-797
  • 6 Kociecki J. [Historical outline of developments in ophthalmic anesthesiology: Part II]. Klin Oczna 2003; 105: 237-239
  • 7 Rosenfeld SI, Litinsky SM, Snyder DA et al. Effectiveness of monitored anesthesia care in cataract surgery. Ophthalmology 1999; 106: 1256-1260 discussion 1261
  • 8 Thiele RH, Rea KM, Turrentine FE et al. Standardization of care: impact of an enhanced recovery protocol on length of stay, complications, and direct costs after colorectal surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2015; 220: 430-443
  • 9 Nardella A, Pechet L, Snyder LM. Continuous improvement, quality control, and cost containment in clinical laboratory testing. Effects of establishing and implementing guidelines for preoperative tests. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1995; 119: 518-522
  • 10 Wattsman TA, Davies RS. The utility of preoperative laboratory testing in general surgery patients for outpatient procedures. Am Surg 1997; 63: 81-90
  • 11 Phillips MB, Bendel RE, Crook JE et al. Global health implications of preanesthesia medical examination for ophthalmic surgery. Anesthesiology 2013; 118: 1038-1045
  • 12 Mitchell M. Home recovery following day surgery: a patient perspective. J Clin Nurs 2015; 24: 415-427
  • 13 Freixa Garcia J, Marcos Saiz M. [Nonverbal communication by the presurgical patient]. Rev Enferm 1999; 22: 103-110
  • 14 Cohen MM, Duncan PG, Pope WD et al. A survey of 112,000 anaesthetics at one teaching hospital (1975-83). Can Anaesth Soc J 1986; 33: 22-31
  • 15 Lewis WR, Piccini JP, Turakhia MP et al. Get with the guidelines AFIB: novel quality improvement registry for hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7: 770-777
  • 16 Vallakati A, Lewis WR. Underuse of anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Postgrad Med 2016; 128: 191-200
  • 17 El Kadri M, Sharaf Dabbagh G, Oral H. Contemporary measures to reduce the risk of embolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation. Future Cardiol 2015; 11: 635-643
  • 18 Palte HD. Ophthalmic regional blocks: management, challenges, and solutions. Local Reg Anesth 2015; 8: 57-70
  • 19 Wijetilleka S, Ramskold L. New antithrombotic agents and the need for updated ophthalmic surgery guidelines. Eye (Lond) 2015; 29: 1114
  • 20 Ryan A, Saad T, Kirwan C et al. Maintenance of perioperative antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy for vitreoretinal surgery. Clin Exper Ophthalmol 2013; 41: 387-395
  • 21 Schrader WF, Schargus M, Schneider E et al. Risks and sequelae of scleral perforation during peribulbar or retrobulbar anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010; 36: 885-889
  • 22 Schmitz A, Schmidt AR. [Pre-anesthetic fluid and food intake- current recommendations]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2014; 103: 1379-1384
  • 23 Sprogis S. Recommended fasting practices for adult, low risk patients prior to elective procedures requiring general anaesthesia. Aust Nurs Midwifery J 2014; 21: 28-31
  • 24 Andel D, Roder G, Markstaller K et al. Art und Umfang der Anästhesierisikoaufklärung. Auswertung einer Befragung aller Gerichtssachverständigen in Österreich. Anaesthesist 2015; 64: 227-234
  • 25 Biermann E. Medico-legale Aspekte in Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin – Teil 1: Der Behandlungsfehler. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 1997; 32: 175-193
  • 26 Heidecke CD, Jaklin J, Konradt B et al. Zwischenbilanz Patientenrechtegesetz und Infektionsschutzgesetz. Chirurg 2014; 85: 1103-1108
  • 27 Perry C, Samuelsson C, Cyna AM. Preanesthetic nurse communication with children and parents – an observational study. Paediatr Anaesth 2015; 25: 1235-1240
  • 28 Jöhr M, Berger TM. Anaesthesia for the paediatric outpatient. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2015; 28: 623-630
  • 29 Cruthirds D, Sims PJ, Louis PJ. Review and recommendations for the prevention, management, and treatment of postoperative and postdischarge nausea and vomiting. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 115: 601-611
  • 30 Marcus JR, Few JW, Chao JD et al. The prevention of emesis in plastic surgery: a randomized, prospective study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002; 109: 2487-2494
  • 31 Serin S, Elibol O, Sungurtekin H et al. Comparison of halothane/thiopental and propofol anesthesia for strabismus surgery. Ophthalmologica 1999; 213: 224-227
  • 32 Shaikh S, Chung F, Imarengiaye C et al. Pain, nausea, vomiting and ocular complications delay discharge following ambulatory microdiscectomy. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50: 514-518
  • 33 Fujii Y. The benefits and risks of different therapies in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing thyroid surgery. Curr Drug Saf 2008; 3: 27-34
  • 34 Apfel CC, Laara E, Koivuranta M et al. A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers. Anesthesiology 1999; 91: 693-700
  • 35 Gan TJ, Diemunsch P, Habib AS et al. Consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2014; 118: 85-113
  • 36 Ranum D, Ma H, Shapiro FE et al. Analysis of patient injury based on anesthesiology closed claims data from a major malpractice insurer. J Healthc Risk Manag 2014; 34: 31-42
  • 37 Sankar A, Beattie WS, Wijeysundera DN. How can we identify the high-risk patient?. Curr Opin Crit Care 2015; 21: 328-335
  • 38 Simon JW. Complications of strabismus surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2010; 21: 361-366
  • 39 Davis DA, Sugioka K. The use of cardiac monitoring systems in anesthesia. Am Surg 1958; 24: 647-650
  • 40 Stueven HA, Aufderheide T, Thakur RK et al. Defining electromechanical dissociation: morphologic presentation. Resuscitation 1989; 17: 195-203
  • 41 Elder JW, Baraff SB, Gaschler WN et al. Pulse oxygen saturation values in a healthy school-aged population. Pediatr Emerg Care 2015; 31: 645-647
  • 42 Hengesbach S, Hinkelbein J, Genzwürker H, Neuhaus C, Kollrack Y, Knauß A Hrsg. Checkliste Medical Skills. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2013
  • 43 Moretti S, Jouvet P, Schleiermacher G et al. [Pulse oximetry and methemoglobinemia]. Arch Pediatr 1996; 3: 258-260
  • 44 Chan KL, Chan MT, Gin T. Mainstream vs. sidestream capnometry for prediction of arterial carbon dioxide tension during supine craniotomy. Anaesthesia 2003; 58: 149-155
  • 45 Siggaard-Andersen O, Gothgen IH, Fogh-Andersen N. Biosensors and bioprobes in anaesthesia and intensive care. From in vitro to in vivo monitoring. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 1995; 104: 7-13
  • 46 Block jr. FE, Reynolds KM, Kajaste T et al. Pre-operative oximetry and capnometry: potential respiratory screening tools. Int J Clin Monit Comput 1996; 13: 153-156
  • 47 Yosefy C, Hay E, Nasri Y et al. End tidal carbon dioxide as a predictor of the arterial PCO2 in the emergency department setting. Emerg Med J 2004; 21: 557-559
  • 48 Kochs E, Zacharowski K Hrsg. Anästhesievorbereitung und perioperatives Monitoring. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2014
  • 49 Gurman GM. Assessment of depth of general anesthesia. Observations on processed EEG and spectral edge frequency. Int J Clin Monit Comput 1994; 11: 185-189
  • 50 Yli-Hankala A, Scheinin H. [Is it possible to measure the depth of anesthesia using electroencephalogram?]. Duodecim 2015; 131: 1929-1936
  • 51 Carrasco-Jimenez MS, Martin Cancho MF, Lima JR et al. Relationships between a proprietary index, bispectral index, and hemodynamic variables as a means for evaluating depth of anesthesia in dogs anesthetized with sevoflurane. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65: 1128-1135
  • 52 Orliaguet GA, Benabbes Lambert F, Chazot T et al. Feasibility of closed-loop titration of propofol and remifentanil guided by the bispectral monitor in pediatric and adolescent patients: a prospective randomized study. Anesthesiology 2015; 122: 759-767
  • 53 Akkerman RD, Knape JT. [Waking up during general anaesthesia]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2015; 159: A8705
  • 54 Johansen JW. Update on bispectral index monitoring. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2006; 20: 81-99
  • 55 Jonsson M, Gurley D, Dabrowski M et al. Distinct pharmacologic properties of neuromuscular blocking agents on human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: a possible explanation for the train-of-four fade. Anesthesiology 2006; 105: 521-533
  • 56 Karpati E, Biro K. [Pharmacologic effects of pipecuronium bromide (Arduan)]. Acta Pharm Hung 1992; 62: 121-126
  • 57 Yarber L, Brownson CA, Jacob RR et al. Evaluating a train-the-trainer approach for improving capacity for evidence-based decision making in public health. BMC Health Serv Res 2015; 15: 547
  • 58 Brisard L, Pean D, Bourgain JL et al. Training experts in difficult airway management: Evaluation of a continuous professional development program. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2015; DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2015.09.005.
  • 59 Ullrich L, Stolecki D Hrsg. Intensivpflege und Anästhesie. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2015
  • 60 Schein OD, Bass EB, Sharkey P et al. Cataract surgical techniques. Preferences and underlying beliefs. Arch Ophthalmol 1995; 113: 1108-1112
  • 61 Weindler J, Weindler M, Ruprecht KW. Lokalanästhesie in der Ophthalmochirurgie. Ophthalmologe 2004; 101: 847-864 quiz 865
  • 62 Atkinson WS. Local anesthesia in ophthalmology. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1934; 32: 399-451
  • 63 Kumar CM. Needle-based blocks for the 21st century ophthalmology. Acta Ophthalmol 2011; 89: 5-9
  • 64 Schulte am Esch J, Bause H, Kochs E, Scholz J, Standl T, Werner C Hrsg. Duale Reihe Anästhesie: Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2011
  • 65 Unsöld R, Stanley JA, DeGroot J. The CT-topography of retrobulbar anesthesia. Anatomic-clinical correlation of complications and suggestion of a modified technique. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1981; 217: 125-136
  • 66 Kallio H, Paloheimo M, Maunuksela EL. Haemorrhage and risk factors associated with retrobulbar/peribulbar block: a prospective study in 1383 patients. Br J Anaesth 2000; 85: 708-711
  • 67 Morgan CM, Schatz H, Vine AK et al. Ocular complications associated with retrobulbar injections. Ophthalmology 1988; 95: 660-665
  • 68 Klenk G. [Blindness caused by retrobulbar hemorrhage (orbital compartment syndrome)]. Orv Hetil 2010; 151: 1537-1544
  • 69 Burkat CN, Lemke BN. Retrobulbar hemorrhage: inferolateral anterior orbitotomy for emergent management. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 1260-1262
  • 70 Kumar CM. Orbital regional anesthesia: complications and their prevention. Indian J Ophthalmol 2006; 54: 77-84
  • 71 Duker JS, Belmont JB, Benson WE et al. Inadvertent globe perforation during retrobulbar and peribulbar anesthesia. Patient characteristics, surgical management, and visual outcome. Ophthalmology 1991; 98: 519-526
  • 72 De Faber JT, von Noorden GK. Inferior rectus muscle palsy after retrobulbar anesthesia for cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1991; 112: 209-211
  • 73 Mims 3rd JL. Re: Inferior oblique overaction/contracture following retrobulbar anesthesia for cataract extraction with a positive Bielschowsky Head Tilt Test to the contralateral shoulder. A report of one case. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q 2005; 20: 8-9 author reply 9
  • 74 Dick B, Kohnen T, Hessemer V et al. Systemische Komplikationen und Nebenwirkungen der Retrobulbäranästhesie bei Risikopatienten. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1994; 205: 19-26
  • 75 Meyers EF, Ramirez RC, Boniuk I. Grand mal seizures after retrobulbar block. Arch Ophthalmol 1978; 96: 847
  • 76 Schonfeld CL, Brinkschmidt T. Hirnstammanästhesie mit Atemstillstand nach Retrobulbäranästhesie – Kasuistik mit Literaturüberblick. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 2000; 217: 130-132
  • 77 Davis 2nd DB, Mandel MR. Posterior peribulbar anesthesia: an alternative to retrobulbar anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg 1986; 12: 182-184
  • 78 Bloomberg LB. Administration of periocular anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg 1986; 12: 677-679
  • 79 Bloomberg LB. Anterior periocular anesthesia: five years experience. J Cataract Refract Surg 1991; 17: 508-511
  • 80 Neuschuler R, Simonetti C, Gasparri V et al. Pattern of anesthetic diffusion during peribulbar infiltration: a CT evaluation. Eur J Ophthalmol 1996; 6: 336-339
  • 81 McCombe M, Heriot W. Penetrating ocular injury following local anaesthesia. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1995; 23: 33-36
  • 82 Eke T, Thompson JR. Serious complications of local anaesthesia for cataract surgery: a 1 year national survey in the United Kingdom. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91: 470-475
  • 83 Kubastova E. [Importance of oculopression in cataract surgery]. Cesk Oftalmol 1972; 28: 248-250
  • 84 Vörösmarthy D. Oculopression. (Types and methods of application, possibilities of utilization). Bibl Ophthalmol 1966; 69: 42-99
  • 85 Hessemer V, Heinrich A, Jacobi KW. [Intraocular pressure and ocular hemodynamics following oculopression with and without added retrobulbar anesthesia]. Fortschr Ophthalmol 1989; 86: 767-772
  • 86 Costa P, Papurel Begin G, Coaloa M et al. [Loco-regional block in ophthalmic surgery: single drug or drug combination with hyaluronidase? Randomized prospective study]. Minerva Anestesiol 1999; 65: 775-783
  • 87 Nouvellon E, Cuvillon P, Ripart J et al. Anaesthesia for cataract surgery. Drugs Aging 2010; 27: 21-38
  • 88 Abu-Mostafa N, Al-Showaikhat F, Al-Shubbar F et al. Hemodynamic changes following injection of local anesthetics with different concentrations of epinephrine during simple tooth extraction: A prospective randomized clinical trial. J Clin Exp Dent 2015; 7: e471-e476
  • 89 Stevens JD. A new local anesthesia technique for cataract extraction by one quadrant sub-Tenonʼs infiltration. Br J Ophthalmol 1992; 76: 670-674
  • 90 Hansen EA, Mein CE, Mazzoli R. Ocular anesthesia for cataract surgery: a direct sub-Tenonʼs approach. Ophthalmic Surg 1990; 21: 696-699
  • 91 Faure C, Faure L, Billotte C. Globe perforation following no-needle sub-Tenon anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009; 35: 1471-1472
  • 92 Shahid E, Juzar UT, Afaq A et al. Anaesthesia in various anterior segment complications of sub-Tenon surgeries. J Pak Med Assoc 2013; 63: 548-551
  • 93 Gills JP, Cherchio M, Raanan MG. Unpreserved lidocaine to control discomfort during cataract surgery using topical anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg 1997; 23: 545-550
  • 94 Koller C. The sub-conjunctival application of cocaine in eye operations. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1892; 6: 421-424
  • 95 Gundlach H, Metraux A. [Freud, cocaine, Koller and Schleich]. Psyche (Stuttg) 1979; 33: 434-451
  • 96 Secher O. [The discovery of local anesthesia Freud—Cocain—Koller]. Dan Medicinhist Arbog 1978; 48-74
  • 97 Miller JJ, Scott IU, Flynn jr. HW. et al. Acute-onset endophthalmitis after cataract surgery (2000–2004): incidence, clinical settings, and visual acuity outcomes after treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 139: 983-987
  • 98 Chen M, Hill GM, Patrianakos TD et al. Oral diazepam versus intravenous midazolam for conscious sedation during cataract surgery performed using topical anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2015; 41: 415-421
  • 99 Dal D, Demirtas M, Sahin A et al. Remifentanil versus propofol sedation for peribulbar anesthesia. Middle East J Anaesthesiol 2005; 18: 583-593
  • 100 Mahfouz AK, Ghali AM. Combined use of remifentanil and propofol to limit patient movement during retinal detachment surgery under local anesthesia. Saudi J Anaesth 2010; 4: 147-151
  • 101 Chen SD, Sundaram V, Wilkinson A et al. Variation in anaesthesia for the laser treatment of retinopathy of prematurity – a survey of ophthalmologists in the UK. Eye (Lond) 2007; 21: 1033-1036
  • 102 Casey G. Capnography: monitoring CO2. Nurs N Z 2015; 21: 20-24
  • 103 Zhang C, Wang M, Wang R et al. Accuracy of end-tidal CO2 measurement through the nose and pharynx in nonintubated patients during digital subtraction cerebral angiography. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2013; 25: 191-196
  • 104 Wong KC. Anesthesia – past, present and future. J Chin Med Ass 2003; 66: 135-139
  • 105 Bell GD. Premedication, preparation, and surveillance. Endoscopy 2002; 34: 2-12
  • 106 Von Goedecke A, Mitterschiffthaler L, Paal P et al. Optimising the unprotected airway with a prototype Jaw-Thrust-Device – a prospective randomised cross-over study. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 1236-1240
  • 107 McIntyre JW. Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways: I (1880–1995). Can J Anaesth 1996; 43: 629-635
  • 108 Dornberger I Hrsg. Schwieriges Atemwegsmanagement bei Erwachsenen und Kindern. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2013
  • 109 Brown EN, Purdon PL, Van Dort CJ. General anesthesia and altered states of arousal: a systems neuroscience analysis. Annu Rev Neurosci 2011; 34: 601-628
  • 110 Urban BW, Bleckwenn M. Concepts and correlations relevant to general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89: 3-16
  • 111 Podwinska E, Josko J, Kucewicz-Czech E et al. [Pioneers of anaesthesiology – Arthur Ernest Guedel (1883–1956)]. Anestezjol Intens Ter 2008; 40: 192-194
  • 112 Jameson LC, Sloan TB. Using EEG to monitor anesthesia drug effects during surgery. J Clin Monit Comput 2006; 20: 445-472
  • 113 De Armendi AJ, Mayhew JF, Shukry M et al. Assessment of anesthesia provides opinions regarding pediatric induction practices in the state of Oklahoma. J Okla State Med Assoc 2012; 105: 92-96
  • 114 Stomberg MW, Sjöström B, Haljamäe H. Routine intra-operative assessment of pain and/or depth of anaesthesia by nurse anaesthetists in clinical practice. J Clin Nurs 2001; 10: 429-436
  • 115 Sarmany J. [Indications for general anesthetic in ophthalmology (authorʼs transl)]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1980; 177: 777-779
  • 116 Sharma AK, Thapa M, Shrestha GB et al. Outcome of horizontal strabismus surgery and parents satisfaction. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2014; 6: 162-169
  • 117 Minogue SC, Ralph J, Lampa MJ. Laryngotracheal topicalization with lidocaine before intubation decreases the incidence of coughing on emergence from general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2004; 99: 1253-1257
  • 118 Bettelli G. Which muscle relaxants should be used in day surgery and when. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2006; 19: 600-605
  • 119 Daniela C, Carmen M, Monalisa E. [General anesthesia in ophthalmology]. Oftalmologia 2009; 53: 13-22
  • 120 Boonmak P, Boonmak S, Pattanittum P. High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; (9) CD006837
  • 121 Nigro Neto C, Costa E, Rossi R et al. Inhalation induction with sevoflurane in adult cardiac surgery patients. A case series. Heart Lung Vessel 2014; 6: 8-12
  • 122 Lockwood AJ, Yang YF. Nitrous oxide inhalation anaesthesia in the presence of intraocular gas can cause irreversible blindness. Br Dental J 2008; 204: 247-248
  • 123 Guler S, Apan A, Muluk NB et al. Sevoflurane vs. TIVA in terms of middle ear pressure during laparoscopic surgery. Adv Clin Exp Med 2014; 23: 447-454
  • 124 Mani V, Morton NS. Overview of total intravenous anesthesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20: 211-222
  • 125 Bityukov YV, Dereza SV, Kuznetsov IV et al. [The experience of anaesthesia management for sensing of nasolacrimal duct in children]. Anesteziol Reanimatol 2015; 60: 26-29
  • 126 Hillebrand H, Motsch J. Larynxmaske. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. Anaesthesist 2007; 56: 617-630
  • 127 Nakazawa K, Hikawa Y, Maeda M et al. Laryngeal mask airway insertion using propofol without muscle relaxants: a comparative study of pretreatment with midazolam or fentanyl. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1999; 16: 550-555
  • 128 Brimacombe J. The advantages of the LMA over the tracheal tube or facemask: a meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42: 1017-1023
  • 129 Hagberg CA, Vartazarian TN, Chelly JE et al. The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux and tracheal aspiration detected with pH electrodes is similar with the Laryngeal Mask Airway and Esophageal Tracheal Combitube – a pilot study. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51: 243-249
  • 130 Abdulla S. Pulmonary aspiration in perioperative medicine. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2013; 64: 1-13
  • 131 Madsen MV, Oberg E, Rosenberg J et al. [When muscle relaxants have unexpected prolonged duration during anaesthesia]. Ugeskr Laeger 2015; 177: V04150300
  • 132 Schreiber JU, Fuchs-Buder T. [Neuromuscular blockades. Agents, monitoring and antagonism]. Anaesthesist 2006; 55: 1225-1235 quiz 1236
  • 133 Abad-Gurumeta A, Ripolles-Melchor J, Casans-Frances R et al. A systematic review of sugammadex vs neostigmine for reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Anaesthesia 2015; 70: 1441-1452
  • 134 Rosenberg H, Pollock N, Schiemann A et al. Malignant hyperthermia: a review. Orphanet J Rare D 2015; 10: 93
  • 135 Just KS, Gerbershagen MU, Grensemann J et al. Do we foresee new emerging drugs to treat malignant hyperthermia?. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2015; 20: 161-164
  • 136 Fernandez Prieto RM, Ramallo Bravo A, Carmona Carmona G et al. [Update on the current role of plasma cholinesterase]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2011; 58: 508-516
  • 137 Simpson JC, Moonesinghe SR. Introduction to the postanaesthetic care unit. Perioper Med (Lond) 2013; 2: 5
  • 138 Barac R, Pop M, Tataru C et al. [Changes in intraocular pressure depending on posture]. Oftalmologia 2014; 58: 40-46
  • 139 Coppens M, Versichelen L, Mortier E. Treatment of postoperative pain after ophthalmic surgery. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 2002; 285: 27-32
  • 140 Kaluzny BJ, Kazmierczak K, Laudencka A et al. Oral acetaminophen (paracetamol) for additional analgesia in phacoemulsification cataract surgery performed using topical anesthesia Randomized double-masked placebo-controlled trial. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010; 36: 402-406
  • 141 Larmann J, Vescia F, Zwissler B. [Risk management for ambulatory anaesthesia]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2013; 48: 180-188 quiz 190–181
  • 142 Lai YH, Hsu HT, Wang HZ et al. The oculocardiac reflex during strabismus surgery: its relationship to preoperative clinical eye findings and subsequent postoperative emesis. J AAPOS 2014; 18: 151-155
  • 143 Yamashita M. Oculocardiac reflex and the anesthesiologist. Middle East J Anaesthesiol 1986; 8: 399-415
  • 144 Carron M, Veronese S. Atropine sulfate for treatment of bradycardia in a patient with morbid obesity: what may happen when you least expect it. BMJ Case Rep 2015; DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207596.
  • 145 Dowgird M. [Aschnerʼs cardio-ocular reflex and its importance in eye surgery]. Klin Oczna 1994; 96: 171-173
  • 146 Dalma-Weiszhausz J, Gordon-Angelozzi M, Ustariz-Gonzalez O et al. Intraocular pressure rise during 25-gauge vitrectomy trocar placement. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008; 246: 187-189
  • 147 Borahay MA, Patel PR, Walsh TM et al. Intraocular pressure and steep Trendelenburg during minimally invasive gynecologic surgery: is there a risk?. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2013; 20: 819-824
  • 148 Lenzo NP, Kendall PA. Cough and glaucoma: a possible association. Aust N Z J Med 1994; 24: 67
  • 149 Hvidberg A, Kessing SV, Fernandes A. Effect of changes in PCO2 and body positions on intraocular pressure during general anaesthesia. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1981; 59: 465-475
  • 150 Khan SA, Alam M, Aftab AM et al. Comparison of the efficacy of subtenon with peribulbar local anesthesia without hyaluronidase in patients undergoing cataract surgery. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2014; 24: 331-334
  • 151 Cunningham AJ, Barry P. Intraocular pressure – physiology and implications for anaesthetic management. Can Anaesth Soc J 1986; 33: 195-208
  • 152 Mirakhur RK, Shepherd WF, Lavery GG et al. The effects of vecuronium on intra-ocular pressure. Anaesthesia 1987; 42: 944-949
  • 153 Nomani AZ, Nabi Z, Rashid H et al. Osmotic nephrosis with mannitol: review article. Ren Fail 2014; 36: 1169-1176
  • 154 Suveges I. [Pathogenesis and conservative treatment of glaucoma]. Orv Hetil 1999; 140: 2211-2214
  • 155 Astrom S, Kjellgren D, Monestam E et al. Nitrous oxide anesthesia and intravitreal gastamponade. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003; 47: 361-362
  • 156 Reingardiene D. [The consequence of epinephrine (adrenaline) overdose]. Medicina 2006; 42: 606-609
  • 157 Short PM, Anderson WJ, Williamson PA et al. Effects of intravenous and oral beta-blockade in persistent asthmatics controlled on inhaled corticosteroids. Heart 2014; 100: 219-223
  • 158 Kassamali R, Sica DA. Acetazolamide: a forgotten diuretic agent. Cardiol Rev 2011; 19: 276-278
  • 159 Rotter N, Wirz C, Oder J et al. [Cell-based strategies for salivary gland regeneration]. HNO 2008; 56: 281-287
  • 160 Bersani FS, Corazza O, Simonato P et al. Drops of madness? Recreational misuse of tropicamide collyrium; early warning alerts from Russia and Italy. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013; 35: 571-573
  • 161 McGoldrick KE. The open globe: is an alternative to succinylcholine necessary?. J Clin Anesth 1993; 5: 1-4
  • 162 Grogan AD. Sudden onset oculo-cardiac reflex post-traumatic eye injury in PNG: a case study and discussion. Australas Emerg Nurs J 2014; 17: 135-137
  • 163 Madan R, Tamilselvan P, Sadhasivam S et al. Intra-ocular pressure and haemodynamic changes after tracheal intubation and extubation: a comparative study in glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous children. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 380-384
  • 164 Li YL, Liu YL, Xu CM et al. The effects of neuromuscular blockade on operating conditions during general anesthesia for spinal surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2014; 26: 45-49
  • 165 Rossiter JD, Wood M, Lockwood A et al. Operating conditions for ocular surgery under general anaesthesia: an eccentric problem. Eye (Lond) 2006; 20: 55-58
  • 166 Keilhauer J, Trieschmann U, Bottiger BW. Besondere Aspekte der Kinderanästhesie in der Ophthalmochirurgie. Ophthalmologe 2015; 112: 118-121
  • 167 Sunder RA, Joshi C. A technique to improve the safety of laryngeal mask airway when used in lacrimal duct surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 130-133
  • 168 Gorniak M, Proost JH, Veckeneer M et al. Clonidine as an adjuvant to prolong local analgesia in conventional scleral buckle surgery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30: 777-782