Hitze, Kälte und Höhenexposition im Fußball: Adaptive Mechanismen und Verhaltensstrategien in variierenden Umweltbedingungen

Zusammenfassung

Fußball zählt zu den weltweit populärsten Mannschaftssportarten und wird ganzjährig auf nahezu allen Kontinenten in variierenden Umweltbedingungen gespielt. Die anstehenden und zurückliegenden Fußballweltmeisterschaften in Brasilien, Katar und Südafrika machen aus aktuellem Anlass auf die Brisanz variierender Umweltbedingungen im Fußball aufmerksam. Bei extrem hoher oder niedriger Umgebungstemperatur stellen Maßnahmen wie adäquate Kleidung, Flüssigkeitsaufnahme, Ernährung und Akklimatisation wichtige Voraussetzungen dar, um Höchstleistungen bei gleichzeitiger Gesundheitserhaltung zu gewährleisten. Bei Pflichtspielen in Höhenlagen (< 1500 ü.N. N.), beeinträchtigt der sich verringernde Sauerstoffpartialdruck nicht nur die Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit, sondern verändert auch die Aerodynamik des Balles mit Konsequenzen für Technik und Taktik. Dies fordert spezielle Adaptationsstrategien, um Mannschaften auf die sich verändernden Bedingungen vorzubereiten. Um unter variierenden Umweltbedingungen Höchstleistungen bei gleichzeitiger Gesunderhaltung zu ermöglichen, ist das Ziel des vorliegenden Artikels: 1) die thermoregulatorisch bedingten physiologischen, neuronalen und psychischen Besonderheiten bei Fußballspielen unter variierenden Umweltbedingungen zusammenzufassen, 2) Ursachen für mögliche Leistungseinbußen durch hohe und niedrige Umgebungstemperatur oder höhenbedingter Hypoxie aufzuzeigen und 3) präventive Maßnahmen, Verhaltens- und Adaptationsstrategien für Fußballspiele in Hitze, Kälte und Höhe zu nennen.

Abstract

Football is played worldwide and players often have to cope with hot and cold temperatures as well as high altitude conditions. The upcoming and past world championships in Brazil, Qatar and South Africa illustrate the necessity for behavioural strategies and adaptation to extreme environmental conditions. When playing football in the heat or cold, special clothing, hydration and nutritional and acclimatisation strategies are vital for high-level performance. When playing at high altitude, the reduced oxygen partial pressure impairs endurance performance and alters the technical and tactical requirements. Special high-altitude adaptation and preparation strategies are essential for football teams based at sea-level in order to perform well and compete successfully. Therefore, the aim of the underlying review is: 1) to highlight the difficulties and needs of football teams competing in extreme environmental conditions, 2) to summarise the thermoregulatory, physiological, neuronal and psychological mechanism, and 3) to provide recommendations for coping with extreme environmental conditions in order to perform at a high level when playing football in the heat, cold and at high altitude.

Schlüsselwörter

Athlet - Leistung - Hyperthermie - Hypothermie - Hypoxie

Key words

athlete - performance - hyperthermia - hypothermia - hypoxia

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