Introduction
Pseudomelanosis (PM) of the upper gastrointestinal tract is a rare, incidental endoscopic finding characterized by dark pigmented inclusions in macrophages of the lamina propria. Although the etiology is unknown, PM has been associated with the use of medications, including hydralazine, thiazide diuretics, furosemide, beta blockers, and iron supplements. Hypertension, chronic renal disease, gastric hemorrhage, and diabetes mellitus have also been associated with PM. We present the case report of a woman with findings indicative of a diagnosis of PM of the stomach and duodenum. To our knowledge, this woman is the youngest patient (70 years) reported with a diagnosis of PM of the stomach.
Case report
A 70-year-old woman with a history of iron deficiency anemia, chronic kidney disease, and peptic ulcer disease presented to a tertiary care facility with two weeks of post-prandial abdominal pain. Her medications included hydralazine, ferrous sulfate, and furosemide. On upper endoscopy, regions of flat, black-speckled, pigmented mucosa were found in the stomach and duodenum ([Fig. 1], [Fig. 2]). Gastric and duodenal mucosal biopsies demonstrated pigment-laden macrophages in the lamina propria ([Fig. 3]). Iron and Masson-Fontana trichrome staining of the mucosa were positive, consistent with the presence of a “melanin-like” pigment ([Fig. 4]). This confirmed the diagnosis of gastric and duodenal PM.
Fig. 1 Stomach with hyperpigmented mucosa.
Fig. 2 Duodenum with flat, speckled, hyperpigmented mucosa.
Fig. 3 Gastric mucosa with iron positive, pigment-laden macrophages.
Fig. 4 Masson-Fontana ammoniac silver stained duodenum with a “melanin-like” pigment.
Discussion
PM in the upper gastrointestinal tract is a rare endoscopic finding. Duodenal PM was first described by Bisordi and Kleinman in 1976 [1] and gastric PM by Treeprasertuk et al. in 2000 [2]. PM of the upper GI tract can be found incidentally on endoscopy, but most case reports in the literature describe the indication as abdominal pain. Characteristic findings include flat, black-speckled pigmented mucosa. Unlike pseudomelanosis coli, PM in the upper GI tract does not have a known association with anthraquinone containing laxatives. Melanocytes are not typically present in the GI tract, and the hyperpigmentation in PM is caused by the uptake of exogenous substances by macrophages and the formation of pigmented deposits. The most commonly reported medication associated with PM is oral iron, though associations with diuretics and charcoal ingestion have also been reported [3]. As many as 20 % of samples of affected mucosa do not stain for iron [5]. In a review of seventeen adult patients with PM confirmed by histology, the mucosa from each of three patients (18 %) was negative for Perl’s iron stain [4]. Although duodenal PM have been found among children, most case reports of PM duodeni are those of older patients [6], and, to our knowledge, the 70-year-old woman described here represents the youngest patient diagnosed with gastric PM reported [2]
[5]
[7]
[8]
[9]. Although correlations with drug use (hydralazine, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, propranolol, and iron supplements) and systemic diseases (hypertension, chronic renal disease, gastric hemorrhage, and diabetes mellitus) have been noted, the etiology of PM has not been elucidated. Unlike iron deposition elsewhere in the body, which may generate a fibroproliferative response, PM has not been associated with fibrosis or stricture [4]. In addition, there is no evidence that PM is a precursor for neoplasia or any other progressive pathology. Therefore, avoidance of medications associated with the condition should only be recommended if it is felt that the PM is contributing to a specific symptom.
The patient described exhibited findings indicative of PM that included the medical history, medication use, and endoscopic and histological features of the disease. The etiology and significance of PM in the upper GI tract are unknown. However, gastroenterologists may find that upper endoscopy findings consistent with a diagnosis of PM may become more common because of the aging patient population who have been diagnosed with a variety of medical conditions and use numerous medications associated with this diagnosis.
