Validation of Instrumented Insoles for Measuring Height in Vertical Jump

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to validate a new instrumented insole called ECnsole for measuring flight time during vertical jump performance. 66 participants performed 3 different jump tests (squat jump, countermovement jump and Abalakov jump) twice with flight times determined using an instrumented insole composed of 4 pressure sensors (PreECnsole) and an accelerometer sensor (AccECnsole), a laser platform (Sport Jump System Pro), and a high-speed motion capture system (HSC); the latter 2 systems are considered as reference methods. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), simple linear regression, and the Bland-Altman method were used to assess validity. Regardless of the jump test performed, the ECnsole system showed a systematic bias close to 0 and a low random error (average random error: ±2.8 cm; ±3.1 cm PreECnsole and AccECnsole vs. HSC system respectively and ± 2.3 cm; ±2.9 cm PreECnsole and AccECnsole vs. SJS system respectively). The associations between PreECnsole and AccECnsole with the HSC were very high (R²=0.967 and 0.958 respectively). Furthermore, the associations between PreECnsole and AccECnsole with the SJS were very high (R²=0.978 and 0.966 respectively) as well. Therefore, the ECnsole system can be considered an alternative method for measuring jump height during vertical jump performance.

Key words

biomechanics - insoles - vertical jump - force sensors - accelerometer

• References

• 1 Sazonova AN. Prediction of bodyweight and energy expenditure using point pressure and foot acceleration measurements. Open Biomed Eng J 2011; 5: 110-115
• 2 Abdul Razak AH, Zayegh A, Begg RK, Wahab Y. Foot plantar pressure measurement system: A review. Sensors (Switzerland) 2012; 12: 9884-9912
• 3 Aragón LF. Evaluation of four vertical jump tests: methodology, reliability, validity, and accuracy. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci 2000; 4: 215-228
• 4 Asdís M, Baldur O, Brynjar K. Comparing three devices for jump height measurement in a heterogeneous group of subjects. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28: 2837-2844
• 5 Baca A. A comparison of methods for analyzing drop jump performance. Med Sci Sport Exerc 1999; 31: 437-442 http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/10188749
• 6 Baker D. Improving vertical jump performance through general, special, and specific strength training: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res 1996; 10: 131
• 7 Balsalobre-Fernández C, Glaister M, Lockey RA. The validity and reliability of an iPhone app for measuring vertical jump performance. J Sports Sci 2015; 33: 1574-1574
• 8 Bamberg SJM, Benbasat AY, Scarborough DM, Krebs DE, Paradiso JA. Gait analysis using a shoe-integrated wireless sensor system. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 2008; 12: 413-423
• 9 Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986; 1: 307-310
• 10 Bosco C, Luhtanen P, Komi PV. A simple method for measurement of mechanical power in jumping. Eur J Appl Physiol 1983; 50: 273-282 Available from http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00422166
• 11 Bosquet L, Berryman N, Dupuy O. A comparison of 2 optical timing systems designed to measure flight time and contact time during jumping and hopping. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23: 2660-2665
• 12 Buckthorpe M, Morris J, Folland JP. Validity of vertical jump measurement devices. J Sports Sci 2012; 30: 63-69
• 13 Crea S, Donati M, De Rossi SMM, Oddo CM, Vitiello N. A wireless flexible sensorized insole for gait analysis. Sensors (Basel). 2014. 14. 1073-1093
• 14 Dias JA, Dal Pupo J, Reis DC, Borges L, Santos SG, Moro ARP, Borges NG. Validity of two methods for estimation of vertical jump height. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 2034-2039
• 15 Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007; 39: 175-191
• 16 Fernandez B, Gonzalez T, Campo V, Nicolas B. The concurrent validity and reliability of a low-cost , high-speed camera-based method for measuring the flight time of vertical jumps. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28: 528-533
• 17 García-López J, Morante JC, Ogueta-Alday A, Rodríguez-Marroyo JA. The type of mat (contact vs. photocell) affects vertical jump height estimated from flight time. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27: 1162-1167
• 18 García-López J, Peleteiro J, Rodgríguez-Marroyo JA, Morante JC, Herrero JA, Villa JG. The validation of a new method that measures contact and flight times during vertical jump. Int J Sports Med 2005; 26: 294-302
• 19 Glatthorn JF, Gouge S, Nussbaumer S, Stauffacher S, Impellizzeri FM, Maffiuletti NA. Validity and reliability of Optojump photoelectric cells for estimating vertical jump height. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 556-560
• 20 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2016 update. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36: 1121-1124
• 21 Hatze H. Validity and reliability of methods for testing vertical jumping performance. J Appl Biomech 1998; 14: 127-140
• 22 Hennig EM, Milani TL. Pressure distribution measurements for evaluation of running shoe properties. Sportverletz Sportschaden 2000; 14: 90-97
• 23 Kasabalis A, Douda H, Tokmakidis SP. Relationship between anaerobic power and jumping of selected male volleyball players of different ages. Percept Mot Skills 2005; 100: 607-614
• 24 Kibele A. Possibilities and limitations in the biomechanical analysis of countermovement jumps: A methodological study. J Appl Biomech 1998; 14: 105-117
• 25 Kirtley C. An instrumented insole for kinematic and kinetic gait measurements. Proc 5th Symp Footwear Biomech 2001; 52-53
• 26 Lago-Peñas C, Casais L, Dellal A, Rey E, Domínguez E. Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of young soccer players according to their playing positions: relevance for competition success. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 3358-3367
• 27 Leard JS, Cirillo MA, Katsnelson E, Kimiatek DA, Miller TW, Trebincevic K, Garbalosa JC. Validity of two alternative systems for measuring vertical jump height. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21: 1296-1299
• 28 Lemaire ED, Biswas A, Kofman J. Plantar pressure parameters for dynamic gait stability analysis. In: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology-Proceedings 2006; 4465-4468
• 29 Markovic G, Dizdar D, Jukic I. Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. J Strength Cond Res 2004; 18: 551-555
• 30 Martínez-Martí F, Martínez-García MS, García-Díaz SG, García-Jiménez J, Palma AJ, Carvajal MA. Embedded sensor insole for wireless measurement of gait parameters. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 2014; 37: 25-35
• 31 Moir GL. Three different methods of calculating vertical jump height from force platform data in men and women. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci 2008; 12: 207-218
• 32 Paulick P, Djalilian H, Bachman M. StabilitySole: Embedded sensor insole for balance and gait monitoring. Lect Notes Comput Sci (including Subser Lect Notes Artif Intell Lect Notes Bioinformatics) 2011; 6777 LNCS 171-177
• 33 Picerno P, Camomilla V, Capranica L. Countermovement jump performance assessment using a wearable 3D inertial measurement unit. J Sports Sci 2011; 29: 139-146
• 34 Purcell B, Channells J, James D, Barrett R. Use of accelerometers for detecting foot-ground contact time during running. In: Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging-Proceedings of SPIE SPIE The International Society for Optical Engineering 2006
• 35 R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/ R Found Stat Comput Vienna, Austria 2013
• 36 Requena B, Requena F, García I, de Villarreal ESS, Pääsuke M. Reliability and validity of a wireless microelectromechanicals based system (Keimove TM) for measuring vertical jumping performance. J Sport Sci Med 2012; 11: 115-122
• 37 Sheppard JM, Dingley AA, Janssen I, Spratford W, Chapman DW, Newton RU. The effect of assisted jumping on vertical jump height in high-performance volleyball players. J Sci Med Sport 2011; 14: 85-89
• 38 Viitasalo JT, Luhtanen P, Mononen HV, Norvapalo K, Paavolainen L, Salonen M. Photocell contact mat: A new instrument to measure contact and flight times in running. J Appl Biomech 1997; 13: 254-266
• 39 Ziv G, Lidor R. Vertical jump in female and male basketball players-A review of observational and experimental studies. J Sci Med Sport 2010; 13: 332-339