Self-Assessment Questions

Article One (pp. 163–186)

1. What is an advantage of applying the Inter national Classification of Functioning, Health and Disability (ICF) framework to audiologic services?

   • The ICF accounts for the impact of hearing loss on a person's day-to-day life.

   • The ICF emphasizes the impact of hearing loss on a person's body function and structure.

   • The ICF is specific to ear-related disorders.

   • The ICF provides a common language among different health professionals.

   • Both A and D are correct.

2. What is an example of an activity limitation and participation restriction associated with hearing loss in adults?

   • Reduced finger dexterity

   • Withdrawal from friendship group

   • Moderately bothersome tinnitus

   • Negative attitude from patient's family doctor

   • Reduced speech discrimination in noise

3. What is an example of a contextual factor that may need to be considered in the intervention planning of a child with hearing loss?

   • Poor sound detection

   • Difficulty following directions

   • Number of siblings

   • Reduced classroom participation

   • Poor auditory processing ability

4. How could audiologists evaluate the full impact of a child's hearing loss?

   • Use open-ended questions in a case history with the child's parents.

   • Use a checklist in the waiting room.

   • Use a parent-report measure such as the Parents' Evaluation of Aural/Oral Performance of Children.

   • Use a case history interview that focuses on the child's medical history.

   • Both A and C are correct.

5. How could audiologists ensure their intervention is meeting the needs of their adult patients?

   • Decide on patient goals based on the case history, with no consultation with patient.

   • Involve the patient in goal-setting and decision-making processes.

   • Recommend a hearing aid based on the audiogram.

   • Have a deep understanding of a patients' hearing loss and audiometric data and use this as the central driver of intervention recommendations.

   • Arrange a follow-up appointment to ensure hearing aid is functioning properly.

   Article Two (pp. 187–199)

6. Third-party disability refers to

   • the impaired ability of family and friends to communicate with someone with hearing loss

   • the impaired ability of people with hearing loss to communicate with their family and friends

   • the impaired functioning of a person with hearing loss that is due to a lack of empathy from family and friends

   • the impaired functioning of family and friends due to the health condition of their significant other

   • the body functions and structures that are impaired as a consequence of hearing loss

7. How does the concept of “family-centered care” differ from “patient-centered care”?

   • Family-centered care relates to the pediatric context only.

   • Family-centered care suggests that family should be invited to audiology consultations to help the patient remember the information.

   • Family-centered care recognizes the needs of significant others and values their equal participation in any clinical exchange.

   • Family-centered care extends the concept of patient-centered care beyond the patient–practitioner dyad.

   • Both C and D are correct.

8. Current evidence suggests that there is significant scope for improvement in how family-centered care is implemented into clinical audiological practice. Which of the following statements is not reflective of the evidence in this area?

   • Patients tend to lead the history taking phase of the consultation.

   • Audiologists tend to lead the history taking phase of the consultation.

   • Significant others are rarely included in conversations, particularly in management planning.

   • Management planning typically focuses on hearing aids alone.

   • Significant others show interest in participating in clinical exchanges.

9. Which of the following statements does not reflect a strategy for audiologists to implement family-centered care into their clinical practice?

   • Seek information from both the older adult with hearing impairment and the significant other.

   • Undertake shared goal setting.

   • Use ICF-based self-report questionnaires to supplement objective assessments.

   • Utilize the audiogram to decide on which intervention is appropriate.

   • Use outcome measures that explore functional outcomes for the person with hearing impairment and his or her significant other.

10. The ICF categories and codes reveal important information about how hearing loss impacts function. Which of the following statements are true of hearing loss in older adults according to ICF nomenclature?

    • Hearing loss primarily affects communication.

    • The degree of impairment from hearing loss can be extracted from assessment of the body functions and structures.

    • The degree of impairment can be extracted from the complex interactions between body functions and structures, activities and participation, and contextual factors.

    • An individual's participation restrictions due to hearing loss are likely to relate to the fact they are not wearing hearing aids.

    • Intervention planning can be effectively conducted based on a thorough understanding of functional impairments irrespective of patients' contextual factors.

    Article Three (pp. 200–215)

11. Research by Lin and others suggests that there is

    • an anatomical link between cognitive impairment and hearing impairment

    • an association between cognitive impairment and hearing impairment

    • a causal link between cognitive impairment and hearing impairment

    • no link between cognitive impairment and hearing impairment

    • a functional link between cognitive impairment and hearing impairment

12. Third-party disability manifests in both hearing impairment and cochlear implants as

    • a burden to individuals in the community only

    • a caregiver burden only

    • a communication partner burden only

    • a caregiver and/or communication partner burden

    • a burden to individuals in residential aged care facilities only

13. If combined, psychosocial models of rehabilitation for hearing impairment and cochlear implant might best focus on

    • improving communication in everyday interaction

    • assisting both the individual with hearing impairment/cochlear implant and their family

    • A and B only

    • addressing issues specific to the context in which the person with hearing impairment/cochlear implant lives

    • A, B, and D

14. Using the ICF model, the difference between the impact of community dwelling and residential care is best addressed with reference to

    • personal factors

    • function and structure

    • environmental factors

    • formal versus informal communication training

    • caregiver role

15. The impact of hearing impairment on cognitive impairment is best described by

    • poorer receptive language test scores than might be otherwise expected

    • poorer expressive language test scores than might be otherwise expected

    • both A and B

    • poorer short-term memory test scores than might be expected

    • A, B, and D

    Article Four (pp. 216–232)

16. Auditory consequences are

    • rare in traumatic brain injury (TBI)

    • not uncommon in TBI

    • always present in TBI

    • not able to be identified in individuals with TBI

17. Mild TBI accounts for what percent of known head injuries?

    • 25

    • 50

    • 75

    • 100

18. The World Health Organization task force defines mild TBI as

    • a progressive brain injuring resulting from mechanical energy to the head from external physical forces

    • a transient brain injury resulting from mechanical energy to the head from external physical forces

    • a self-reported event

    • an acute brain injury resulting from mechanical energy to the head from external physical forces

19. In planning a multidisciplinary comprehensive rehabilitation plan for individuals with mild TBI, systems in which of the following area(s) need to be considered?

    • Auditory

    • Cognitive

    • Emotional and behavioral

    • All of the above

20. The ICF stresses

    • health and functioning

    • disability and limitations

    • health and limitations

    • disability and functioning

    Article Five (pp. 233–246)

21. People who experience a stroke who are aged in their 70s

    • are likely to have a hearing loss

    • cannot perform a hearing test if they have aphasia

    • cannot be tested for auditory processing if they have a hearing loss

    • are not likely to benefit from rehabilitation

22. Reasons for hearing loss possibly being more common or more severe in people who have had a stroke compared with their healthy age peers include which of the following?

    • People who have had a stroke are not reliable responders when they have a hearing test.

    • Cardiovascular factors contribute to both hearing loss and stroke risk.

    • Ischemic stroke affects the cochlea.

    • Medication given to people after a stroke affects hearing.

23. Cortical auditory evoked potentials can be used to

    • diagnose aphasia

    • determine who will benefit from rehabilitation

    • predict aphasia recovery

    • objectively measure auditory processing in people with aphasia

24. People with poststroke aphasia can also have auditory processing difficulties because

    • they had auditory processing disorder before experiencing a stroke

    • the stroke can disrupt blood supply to auditory regions in the brain

    • they struggle to understand test instructions and hence appear to have poorer auditory processing

    • stroke often is associated with temporal lobe damage and this affects hearing detection thresholds

25. Auditory processing is not usually tested using tasks that require the listener to

    • discriminate tones differing in pitch

    • detect a small gap in a tone or noise

    • remember lists of words

    • detect a sound masked by noise

    Article Six (pp. 247–256)

26. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health was expanded to include children and youth in order to:

    • Simplify the coding process

    • Reflect typical developmental changes associated with childhood

    • Standardize transition planning

    • Replace static reports with transition plans

    • Promote health literacy

27. A patient proficient in health literacy is able to:

    • Read, interpret graphs and do basic calculations

    • Communicate health concerns accurately

    • Critically evaluate health information found on the Internet

    • All of the above

    • None of the above

28. Effective use of health care transition plans have been reported for adolescents with:

    • Hearing loss, diabetes, and sickle cell disease

    • Hearing loss, cystic fibrosis, and juvenile arthritis

    • Hearing loss, diabetes, and epilepsy

    • Hearing loss, cystic fibrosis, and diabetes

    • Diabetes, sickle cell disease, and epilepsy

29. According to the National Institute for Health Care Management, developing a health care transition plan for adolescents with hearing loss should strive to:

    • Use developmentally appropriate communication

    • Improve reading and math skills

    • Differentiate between activity and participation

    • Focus more on skills more than process

    • Emphasize the health care provider's expertise

30. A challenge to audiologists in using ICFCY codes to develop transition health care plans for adolescents with hearing loss includes:

    • Becoming an expert in the ICF-CY coding system

    • Developing a working familiarity with ICF-CY codes

    • Acquiring a strong background in health literacy

    • B and C

    • None of the above

    Article Seven (pp. 257–271)

31. Early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) programs should have which of the following components?

    • Universal newborn hearing screening, high-risk surveillance

    • Hearing screening, identification, intervention, family support, outcome monitoring

    • Hearing loss identification, hearing device provision, family support

    • Early intervention for hearing loss, outcome monitoring, quality assurance

    • Family-centered early intervention, goal setting

32. According to the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (2007), the goals of an EHDI program are to

    • offer targeted newborn hearing screening to babies

    • obtain medical evaluation at some point following hearing loss identification

    • complete hearing screening by 1 month of age and hearing assessment by 3 months of age and receive intervention by 6 months of age

    • offer intervention for hearing loss through provision of hearing devices and communication development

    • monitor progress and quality assurance of the intervention stage of the program

33. Guiding principles for family-centered early intervention have been developed to

    • optimize outcomes for infants with hearing loss and their families

    • establish goals for the child and family

    • support early intervention decisions

    • bring the team of professionals together

    • ensure highly qualified service providers

34. An interactionist perspective of the ICFCY within an EHDI program includes

    • family participation

    • health condition

    • assistive technology

    • quality of life and human development across time

    • engagement in social activities

35. Applying the ICF-CY within an EHDI program using core sets and qualifiers supports

    • early hearing aid fitting

    • definition and prioritization of needs and intervention

    • management of communication develop ment support

    • family engagement

    • social-emotional development

    Article Eight (pp. 272–290)

36. Qualification of body structure could include

    • radiologic findings

    • genetic information

    • A and B

    • none of the above

37. Activity and participation might be quantified for an infant using

    • the Parents' Evaluation of Aural/Oral Performance of Children

    • the Rossetti infant toddler language scale

    • the Infant Monitor of Vocal Production

    • all of the above

38. Environmental and personal factors include parent participation, which was

    • positively correlated with outcomes in early intervention programs

    • irrelevant to early intervention outcomes

    • dictated by the extended family

    • something that could not improve over time

39. Successful cochlear implant implantation and use would be expected to change the WHO-ICF rating of

    • body structure

    • environmental and personal factors

    • activity and participation

    • none of the above

40. An individual with total impairment would have a body structure rating of

• q1

• q2

• q3

• q4