Download PDF
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2017; 21(05): 547-560
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1606140
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Current Concepts in Extra-articular Impingement of the Hip: Clinical Diagnosis, Imaging, and Treatment

Sarah L. Koles
1   Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
2   Mayfair Diagnostics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
,
Peter Salat
1   Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
2   Mayfair Diagnostics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
,
Andrea Veljkovic
6   Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Footbridge Clinic, Vancouver, BC, Canada
,
Óliver Marín-Peña
3   Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Cirugía de Cadera y Rodilla (Hip and Knee Surgery), Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
,
Ara Kassarjian
4   Department of Radiology, Corades, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts
5   Elite Sports Imaging, SL, Madrid, Spain
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
12 October 2017 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Hip impingement syndromes, particularly femoroacetabular impingement syndrome, have attracted tremendous attention in the past decade. We address some of the less common hip impingement syndromes, mainly the extra-articular hip impingement syndromes. The clinical presentation, imaging, and treatment of anterior, posterior, and lateral hip impingement syndromes are discussed.

Keywords

hip impingement - sports MRI - subspine deep gluteal syndrome
 

  • References

  • 1 de Sa D, Alradwan H, Cargnelli S. , et al. Extra-articular hip impingement: a systematic review examining operative treatment of psoas, subspine, ischiofemoral, and greater trochanteric/pelvic impingement. Arthroscopy 2014; 30 (08) 1026-1041
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Bardakos NV. Hip impingement: beyond femoroacetabular. J Hip Preserv Surg 2015; 2 (03) 206-223
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Larson CM, Kelly BT, Stone RM. Making a case for anterior inferior iliac spine/subspine hip impingement: three representative case reports and proposed concept. Arthroscopy 2011; 27 (12) 1732-1737
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Carton P, Filan D. Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) and subspine hip impingement. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2016; 6 (03) 324-336
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Sutter R, Pfirrmann CW. Atypical hip impingement. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013; 201 (03) W437-W442
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Siebenrock KA, Steppacher SD, Haefeli PC, Schwab JM, Tannast M. Valgus hip with high antetorsion causes pain through posterior extraarticular FAI. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2013; 471 (12) 3774-3780
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Hapa O, Bedi A, Gursan O. , et al. Anatomic footprint of the direct head of the rectus femoris origin: cadaveric study and clinical series of hips after arthroscopic anterior inferior iliac spine/subspine decompression. Arthroscopy 2013; 29 (12) 1932-1940
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Hetsroni I, Poultsides L, Bedi A, Larson CM, Kelly BT. Anterior inferior iliac spine morphology correlates with hip range of motion: a classification system and dynamic model. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2013; 471 (08) 2497-2503
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Matsuda DK, Calipusan CP. Adolescent femoroacetabular impingement from malunion of the anteroinferior iliac spine apophysis treated with arthroscopic spinoplasty. Orthopedics 2012; 35 (03) e460-e463
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Pingal D, Marqueen T, Prakash K. Malunited anterior inferior iliac spine fracture as a cause of hip impingement: a case report and review of literature. Chin J Traumatol 2016; 19 (02) 119-121
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Rajasekhar C, Kumar KS, Bhamra MS. Avulsion fractures of the anterior inferior iliac spine: the case for surgical intervention. Int Orthop 2001; 24 (06) 364-365
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Davidovitch RI, DelSole EM, Vigdorchik JM. Subspine impingement: 2 case reports of a previously unreported cause of instability in total hip arthroplasty. Hip Int 2016; 26 (02) e24-e29
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Irving MH. Exostosis formation after traumatic avulsion of the anterior inferior iliac spine: report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1964; 46: 720-722
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Hetsroni I, Larson CM, Dela Torre K, Zbeda RM, Magennis E, Kelly BT. Anterior inferior iliac spine deformity as an extra-articular source for hip impingement: a series of 10 patients treated with arthroscopic decompression. Arthroscopy 2012; 28 (11) 1644-1653
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Pan H, Kawanabe K, Akiyama H, Goto K, Onishi E, Nakamura T. Operative treatment of hip impingement caused by hypertrophy of the anterior inferior iliac spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2008; 90 (05) 677-679
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Myers CA, Register BC, Lertwanich P. , et al. Role of the acetabular labrum and the iliofemoral ligament in hip stability: an in vitro biplane fluoroscopy study. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39 (Suppl): 85S-91S
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Zaltz I, Kelly BT, Hetsroni I, Bedi A. The crossover sign overestimates acetabular retroversion. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2013; 471 (08) 2463-2470
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Yoo JI, Ha YC, Lee HJ, Lee JY, Lee YK, Koo KH. No difference in prevalence of radiographic subspinal impingement of the hip between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25 (06) 1951-1957
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Balazs GC, Williams BC, Knaus CM. , et al. Morphological distribution of the anterior inferior iliac spine in patients with and without hip impingement: reliability, validity, and relationship to the intraoperative assessment. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45 (05) 1117-1123
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Amar E, Druckmann I, Flusser G, Safran MR, Salai M, Rath E. The anterior inferior iliac spine: size, position, and location. An anthropometric and sex survey. Arthroscopy 2013; 29 (05) 874-881
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Nawabi DH, Degen RM, Fields KG, Wentzel CS, Adeoye O, Kelly BT. Anterior inferior iliac spine morphology and outcomes of hip arthroscopy in soccer athletes: a comparison to nonkicking athletes. Arthroscopy 2017; 33 (04) 758-765
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Ross JR, Stone RM, Larson CM. Subspine impingement. Oper Tech Sports Med 2015; 23 (03) 190-194
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Amar E, Warschawski Y, Sharfman ZT, Martin HD, Safran MR, Rath E. Pathological findings in patients with low anterior inferior iliac spine impingement. Surg Radiol Anat 2016; 38 (05) 569-575
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Sharfman ZT, Frankel M, Rotem G. , et al. Arthroscopic subspinal decompression of low anterior inferior iliac spine: clinical outcomes with 18-month minimum follow up. J Hip Preserv Surg 2016; 3 (Suppl. 01) 30
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Heyworth BE, Shindle MK, Voos JE, Rudzki JR, Kelly BT. Radiologic and intraoperative findings in revision hip arthroscopy. Arthroscopy 2007; 23 (12) 1295-1302
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Blomberg JR, Zellner BS, Keene JS. Cross-sectional analysis of iliopsoas muscle-tendon units at the sites of arthroscopic tenotomies: an anatomic study. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39 (Suppl): 58S-63S
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Domb BG, Shindle MK, McArthur B, Voos JE, Magennis EM, Kelly BT. Iliopsoas impingement: a newly identified cause of labral pathology in the hip. HSS J 2011; 7 (02) 145-150
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ, Keene JS, del Rio AM. Labral injuries due to iliopsoas impingement: can they be diagnosed on MR arthrography?. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 199 (04) 894-900
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Cascio BM, King D, Yen YM. Psoas impingement causing labrum tear: a series from three tertiary hip arthroscopy centers. J La State Med Soc 2013; 165 (02) 88-93
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Nelson IR, Keene JS. Results of labral-level arthroscopic iliopsoas tenotomies for the treatment of labral impingement. Arthroscopy 2014; 30 (06) 688-694
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Fabricant PD, Maak TG, Cross MB, Kelly BT. Avoiding complications in hip arthroscopy. Oper Tech Sports Med 2011; 19 (02) 108-113
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Johnson KA. Impingement of the lesser trochanter on the ischial ramus after total hip arthroplasty. Report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1977; 59 (02) 268-269
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Ganz R, Slongo T, Turchetto L, Massè A, Whitehead D, Leunig M. The lesser trochanter as a cause of hip impingement: pathophysiology and treatment options. Hip Int 2013; 23 (November, Suppl 9): S35-S41
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Tosun O, Algin O, Yalcin N, Cay N, Ocakoglu G, Karaoglanoglu M. Ischiofemoral impingement: evaluation with new MRI parameters and assessment of their reliability. Skeletal Radiol 2012; 41 (05) 575-587
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Ali AM, Whitwell D, Ostlere SJ. Case report: imaging and surgical treatment of a snapping hip due to ischiofemoral impingement. Skeletal Radiol 2011; 40 (05) 653-656
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Kassarjian A. Signal abnormalities in the quadratus femoris muscle: tear or impingement?. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 190 (06) W379 ; author reply W380–W381
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Torriani M, Souto SC, Thomas BJ, Ouellette H, Bredella MA. Ischiofemoral impingement syndrome: an entity with hip pain and abnormalities of the quadratus femoris muscle. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 193 (01) 186-190
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Patti JW, Ouellette H, Bredella MA, Torriani M. Impingement of lesser trochanter on ischium as a potential cause for hip pain. Skeletal Radiol 2008; 37 (10) 939-941
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Marin-Peña Ó, Sierra-Madrid P, Lax-Pérez R, Ferrero-Manzanal F. Extrarticular hip impingement. Hip Int 2016; 26 (May, Suppl 1): 14-16
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Martin HD, Reddy M, Gómez-Hoyos J. Deep gluteal syndrome. J Hip Preserv Surg 2015; 2 (02) 99-107
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Carro LP, Hernando MF, Cerezal L, Navarro IS, Fernandez AA, Castillo AO. Deep gluteal space problems: piriformis syndrome, ischiofemoral impingement and sciatic nerve release. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2016; 6 (03) 384-396
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Coppieters MW, Andersen LS, Johansen R. , et al. Excursion of the sciatic nerve during nerve mobilization exercises: an in vivo cross-sectional study using dynamic ultrasound imaging. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015; 45 (10) 731-737
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Smoll NR. Variations of the piriformis and sciatic nerve with clinical consequence: a review. Clin Anat 2010; 23 (01) 8-17
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Kivlan BR, Martin RL, Martin HD. Defining the greater trochanter-ischial space: a potential source of extra-articular impingement in the posterior hip region. J Hip Preserv Surg 2016; 3 (04) 352-357
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Wall EJ, Massie JB, Kwan MK, Rydevik BL, Myers RR, Garfin SR. Experimental stretch neuropathy. Changes in nerve conduction under tension. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992; 74 (01) 126-129
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 Filler AG, Haynes J, Jordan SE. , et al. Sciatica of nondisc origin and piriformis syndrome: diagnosis by magnetic resonance neurography and interventional magnetic resonance imaging with outcome study of resulting treatment. J Neurosurg Spine 2005; 2 (02) 99-115
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 47 Martin HD, Khoury A, Schröder R, Palmer IJ. Ischiofemoral impingement and hamstring syndrome as causes of posterior hip pain: where do we go next?. Clin Sports Med 2016; 35 (03) 469-486
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 Hernando MF, Cerezal L, Pérez-Carro L, Canga A, González RP. Evaluation and management of ischiofemoral impingement: a pathophysiologic, radiologic, and therapeutic approach to a complex diagnosis. Skeletal Radiol 2016; 45 (06) 771-787
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 49 Binnie JF. Snapping hip. Ann Surg 1913; 58 (01) 59-66
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Beals RK. Painful snapping hip in young adults. West J Med 1993; 159 (04) 481-482
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 Lewis CL. Extra-articular snapping hip: a literature review. Sports Health 2010; 2 (03) 186-190
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Pelsser V, Cardinal E, Hobden R, Aubin B, Lafortune M. Extraarticular snapping hip: sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176 (01) 67-73
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 Winston P, Awan R, Cassidy JD, Bleakney RK. Clinical examination and ultrasound of self-reported snapping hip syndrome in elite ballet dancers. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35 (01) 118-126
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 54 Rotini R, Spinozzi C, Ferrari A. Snapping hip: a rare form with internal etiology. Ital J Orthop Traumatol 1991; 17 (02) 283-288
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Allen WC, Cope R. Coxa saltans: the snapping hip revisited. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1995; 3 (05) 303-308
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Yen Y-M, Lewis CL, Kim Y-J. Understanding and treating the snapping hip. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2015; 23 (04) 194-199
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 Standring S. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 39th ed. Edinburgh, UK: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone; 2004
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 58 Johnson EW. Buttock, hip joint, and thigh. In: Hollinshead WH. , ed. Anatomy for Surgeons: The Back and Limbs. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Harper & Row; 1969
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 59 Chang CY, Kreher J, Torriani M. Dynamic sonography of snapping hip due to gluteus maximus subluxation over greater trochanter. Skeletal Radiol 2016; 45 (03) 409-412
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Brand RA, Pedersen DR, Friederich JA. The sensitivity of muscle force predictions to changes in physiologic cross-sectional area. J Biomech 1986; 19 (08) 589-596
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 61 Birnbaum K, Prescher A, Niethard FU. Hip centralizing forces of the iliotibial tract within various femoral neck angles. J Pediatr Orthop B 2010; 19 (02) 140-149
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 62 Strauss EJ, Nho SJ, Kelly BT. Greater trochanteric pain syndrome. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2010; 18 (02) 113-119
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 63 Pauwels F. Uber die Verteilung der Spongiosadichte im coxalen Femurende und ihre Bedeutung für die Lehre vom funktionellen Bau des Knochens. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 1954; 95: 35-54
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 Zoltan DJ, Clancy Jr WG, Keene JS. A new operative approach to snapping hip and refractory trochanteric bursitis in athletes. Am J Sports Med 1986; 14 (03) 201-204
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 65 Battaglia M, Guaraldi F, Monti C, Vanel D, Vannini F. An unusual cause of external snapping hip. J Radiol Case Rep 2011; 5 (10) 1-6
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 66 Brignall CG, Brown RM, Stainsby GD. Fibrosis of the gluteus maximus as a cause of snapping hip. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993; 75 (06) 909-910
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 Lin CL, Huang MT, Lin CJ. Snapping hip caused by a venous hemangioma of the gluteus maximus muscle: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2008; 2: 386
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Satku K, Chia J, Kumar VP. Snapping hip—an unusual cause. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1990; 72 (01) 150-151
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 69 Dodds AL, Gupte CM, Neyret P, Williams AM, Amis AA. Extra-articular techniques in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a literature review. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2011; 93 (11) 1440-1448
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 70 Mayer L. Snapping hip. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1919; 29: 425-429
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 71 Larsen E, Gebuhr P. Snapping hip after total hip replacement. A report of four cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1988; 70 (06) 919-920
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 72 Lattermann C, Lobenhoffer P. Biomechanical changes in the hip, femur and knee joint after removal of a tensor fasciae latae flap [in German]. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 1996; 28 (02) 76-82
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 73 Staple TW, Jung D, Mork A. Snapping tendon syndrome: hip tenography with fluoroscopic monitoring. Radiology 1988; 166 (03) 873-874
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 74 Larsen E, Johansen J. Snapping hip. Acta Orthop Scand 1986; 57 (02) 168-170
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 75 Jacobs M, Young R. Snapping hip phenomenon among dancers. Am Correct Ther J 1978; 32 (03) 92-98
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 76 Singleton MC, LeVeau BF. The hip joint: structure, stability, and stress; a review. Phys Ther 1975; 55 (09) 957-973
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 77 Choi YS, Lee SM, Song BY, Paik SH, Yoon YK. Dynamic sonography of external snapping hip syndrome. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21 (07) 753-758
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 78 Krishnamurthy G, Connolly BL, Narayanan U, Babyn PS. Imaging findings in external snapping hip syndrome. Pediatr Radiol 2007; 37 (12) 1272-1274
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 79 Jacobson JA, Khoury V, Brandon CJ. Ultrasound of the groin: techniques, pathology and pitfalls. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 205 (03) 513-523
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 80 Johnston CA, Wiley JP, Lindsay DM, Wiseman DA. Iliopsoas bursitis and tendinitis. A review. Sports Med 1998; 25 (04) 271-283
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 81 Albers CE, Steppacher SD, Schwab JM, Tannast M, Siebenrock KA. Relative femoral neck lengthening improves pain and hip function in proximal femoral deformities with a high-riding trochanter. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473 (04) 1378-1387
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 82 Harris JD, Gerrie BJ, Lintner DM, Varner KE, McCulloch PC. Microinstability of the hip and the splits radiograph. Orthopedics 2016; 39 (01) e169-e175
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 83 Jani L. The development of the femur neck after transposition of the trochanter [in German]. Arch Orthop Unfallchir 1969; 66 (02) 127-132
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 84 Leunig M, Ganz R. Relative neck lengthening and intracapital osteotomy for severe Perthes and Perthes-like deformities. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis 2011; 69 (Suppl. 01) S62-S67
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 85 Macnicol MF, Makris D. Distal transfer of the greater trochanter. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991; 73 (05) 838-841
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 86 Isaacson MJ, Bunn KJ, Incavo SJ. Trochanteric impingement: is it a source of pain after THR?. Arthroplast Today 2015; 1 (03) 73-75
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 87 Paley D. The treatment of femoral head deformity and coxa magna by the Ganz femoral head reduction osteotomy. Orthop Clin North Am 2011; 42 (03) 389-399 , viii
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 88 Ganz R, Horowitz K, Leunig M. Algorithm for femoral and periacetabular osteotomies in complex hip deformities. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010; 468 (12) 3168-3180
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 89 Garcia FL, Picado CH, Cardinali LP. Does trochanteric transfer eliminate the Trendelenburg sign in adults?. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469 (07) 1984-1990
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 90 Stevens PM, Anderson LA, Gililland JM, Novais E. Guided growth of the trochanteric apophysis combined with soft tissue release for Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Strateg Trauma Limb Reconstr 2014; 9 (01) 37-43
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 91 Blount WP. Don't throw away the cane. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1956; 38-A (03) 695-708
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 92 Bombelli R, Santore RF, Poss R. Mechanics of the normal and osteoarthritic hip. A new perspective. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1984; (182) 69-78
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 93 Stulberg SD, Cooperman DR, Wallensten R. The natural history of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1981; 63 (07) 1095-1108
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 94 Kelikian AS, Tachdjian MO, Askew MG. , et al. Greater trochanteric advancement of the proximal femur: a clinical and biomechanical study. In: Hungerford DS. , ed. The Hip: Proceedings of the 11th Open Scientific Meeting of the Hip Society. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby; 1983: 77-105
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 95 Omeroğlu H, Uçar DH, Tümer Y. A new measurement method for the radiographic assessment of the proximal femur: the center-trochanter distance [in Turkish]. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2004; 38 (04) 261-264
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 96 Paley D. Normal lower limb alignment and joint orientation. In: Principles of Deformity Correction. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2003: 1-19
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 97 Bardakos NV, Villar RN. Predictors of progression of osteoarthritis in femoroacetabular impingement: a radiological study with a minimum of ten years follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2009; 91 (02) 162-169
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 98 Tannast M, Hanke M, Ecker TM, Murphy SB, Albers CE, Puls M. LCPD: reduced range of motion resulting from extra- and intraarticular impingement. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2012; 470 (09) 2431-2440
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar