Self-Assessment Questions

This section provides a review. Mark each statement on the Answer Sheet according to the factual materials contained in this issue and the opinions of the authors.

Article One (pp. 5–8)

1. A reasonable beginning point for developing a counseling course is to:

   • Access course outlines by colleagues and use the best one

   • Outline a well-respected text and follow the outline

   • Use the course outline from a course in which you enrolled

   • Determine your own applicable and transferable skills and knowledge

   • Make a list of guest lecturers who can provide content outside your area of expertise

2. Students' understanding of basic counseling theory is:

   • Not required; they should learn the theory most applicable to their clinical settings

   • Optional; it might be useful for some students to have a broader understanding of theory

   • Helpful; allows students to access a theory of best fit for their own counseling needs

   • Essential; the science/philosophy of counseling is an important foundation for students to acquire

   • The single most important component of the counseling course

3. As students develop understanding of how they came to their own set of values, they are often more effective in:

   • Counseling those with values similar to their own

   • Understanding those with values dissimilar to their own

   • Counseling patients with similar and dissimilar values

   • Conveying their personal values to patients

   • Helping patients grow and develop better value systems

4. Students' ability to apply and use counseling knowledge may be achieved through:

   • Class simulations

   • Standardized patients

   • Discussion/feedback of actual clinical experiences

   • Role play

   • All of the above

5. The constructionist approach is an effective tool for patients to achieve:

   • A better value system

   • Positive attitudinal changes

   • The feeling that they are valued

   • The sense that the counselor is fully present

   • An awareness of their own poor choices

   Article Two (pp. 9–12)

6. Which of the following is an insight into communication patterns revealed from research in audiology?

   • Audiologists develop shared agendas with their patients.

   • Audiologists assess for patients' emotional barriers.

   • Audiologists talk more than their patients during appointments.

   • Audiologists develop action plans with their patients.

7. Audiology patients often share their emotions about how they are managing

   • easily without prompting by the audiologist

   • through nonverbal communication cues

   • thoroughly with minimal prompting from the audiologist

   • sparingly; patients prefer not to share their emotions with the audiologist

8. What is needed for students to develop counseling skills?

   • Counseling cannot be taught; students either naturally have good communication skills or they do not.

   • Students develop skills through practice, reflection, and performance feedback.

   • Counseling skills develop with experience after graduation.

   • Students should not develop counseling skills; it is not the role of an audiologist.

9. Which of the following, when done repeatedly, does not support students in developing counseling skills?

   • performing the counseling for the student while they observe

   • discussing counseling skills prior to the appointment

   • discussing counseling skills after the appointment

   • providing the student with written feedback about their counseling performance

10. When providing performance feedback to students, which of the following should the supervisor not do?

    • Provide feedback after the appointment while it is fresh in the student's mind

    • Provide feedback about specific skills

    • Use role-play or review audio- or videotapes because this can embarrass the student

    • Refrain from reflecting on how they are communicating with students; students need to be able to take feedback

    Article Three (pp. 13–31)

11. In which of the following disciplines can treatment adherence be an issue?

    • Pharmacy

    • Nutritional sciences

    • Audiology and speech-language pathology

    • Physical therapy

    • All of the above

12. If a patient says, “I feel embarrassed when people laugh at my hearing loss,” which of the following clinician response would be a communication match?

    • “I don't think you are giving people much credit.”

    • “Hearing aids will help solve that problem.”

    • “Tell me more about that . . .”

    • “Have you seen the new Rocky movie?”

    • None of the above is a match.

13. Which of the following stages best represents a patient who is having difficulty communicating with his wife and Googles “hearing aids” to find out more on the topic?

    • Precontemplative

    • Contemplative

    • Deterministic

    • Action

    • Maintenance

14. When comparing self-report and data logging of hearing aid use, audiologists tend to find that patients tend to

    • underestimate hearing aid use

    • overestimate hearing aid use

    • match data logging

    • refuse to answer the question

    • none of the above

15. Which of the following clinician statements is representative of appropriate use of the Teach-Back Method?

    • “Do you know how to change a hearing aid battery?”

    • “Were you listening when I showed you how to change a hearing aid battery?”

    • “I want to be sure I explained and showed you how to change a hearing aid battery. Can you please explain and show me so I can be sure I did?”

    • “Do you think you can do this on your own?

    • None of the above is correct.

    Article Four (pp. 32–43)

16. What is patient-centered care?

    • A philosophy that emphasizes trust, respect for patients, assessment of and responsiveness to their needs, shared decision making, and emotional support, improving patients' ability to act on intervention recommendations

    • A method of thinking unrelated to the profession of audiology

    • A method of thinking showing that physicians in the medical field care about their patients

    • A certification that can be obtained after 200 hours of training

17. Why might audiologists fail to address or validate emotional concerns brought up by their patients?

    • They are worried about running out of time in the appointment.

    • They do not hear the concerns addressed.

    • They may lack the confidence or experience to address them.

    • All of the above are correct.

18. What has previous research regarding counseling behaviors shown?

    • Audiologists tend to verbally dominate appointments.

    • Audiologists use effective counseling skills.

    • Audiologists receive too much information regarding counseling.

    • Counseling behaviors have no connection to patient-centered care.

19. How can audiologists increase patient autonomy?

    • Focus on having a shared agenda

    • Take time to respond to emotional concerns expressed by the patient

    • Create an action plan centered around the patient's goals, values, and input

    • All of the above

20. What is needed to improve counseling in audiology?

    • Opportunities to learn and practice counseling behaviors in graduate and continuing education programs

    • Didactic lectures on counseling only

    • Mandatory reading on counseling behaviors

    • No change in counseling training needed

    Article Five (pp. 44–51)

21. Which of the following describes the role of counseling in audiology?

    • Audiologists are to address informational counseling only.

    • Audiologists are to address adjustment counseling only for families of children with hearing loss.

    • Audiologists are to address both informational and adjustment counseling.

    • Audiologists do not have to address any type of counseling.

22. Current Au.D. guidelines for counseling instruction include the following:

    • At least one counseling course is required for graduation.

    • There are no specific guidelines regarding counseling in Au.D. programs.

    • A counseling course must be incorporated into the first year of study.

    • Counseling courses must be taught by a clinical psychologist.

23. Which of the following best describes the type of instruction needed for effective counseling skill acquisition?

    • Adjunct elective workshops

    • Counseling material embedded in other courses

    • Monthly training from audiology faculty

    • Intentional and structured instruction based on evidence-based practices

24. Which variables might have influenced students' response to performance feedback in this study?

    • Participant motivation, prerequisite counseling skills, and timing of feedback

    • Prerequisite counseling skills, participants' year in program, and sex

    • Participant motivation, gender, and age

    • Participant motivation, participants' year in program, and timing of feedback

25. With regard to performance feedback, future studies should investigate which of the following?

    • Timing and location of feedback sessions

    • Timing and frequency of feedback sessions, effectiveness of clinical supervisors as instructors and providers of performance feedback, participant motivation, and participants' prior training in counseling

    • Timing of feedback sessions only

    • Effectiveness of clinical supervisors as instructors and providers of performance feedback

    Article Six (pp. 52–66)

26. Which of the following is not a major theoretical aspect to counseling dizzy patients?

    • Informational counseling

    • Personal adjustment counseling

    • Coherence counseling

    • Person-centered counseling

    • Rational-emotive counseling

27. Which of the following is an appropriate tool to gauge disease-specific quality-oflife impact for dizzy patients?

    • Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

    • Vertigo Symptom Scale

    • Dizziness Handicap Inventory

    • Sense of Coherence Scale

    • Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults

28. Which of the following models is most appropriate when delivering a diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?

    • Individualized disclosure model

    • Full disclosure model

    • Family support model

    • Partial disclosure model

    • Simplistic model

29. Which of the following conditions most commonly necessitates additional counseling consideration among those with BPPV?

    • Depersonalization disorder

    • Depressive episodes

    • Anxiety disorder

    • Insomnia disorder

    • Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

30. According to the AAO-HNS guidelines, which of the following is not a recommended part of patient education for those with BPPV?

    • Understanding of the disorder and the name

    • Importance of follow-up after diagnosis and/or treatment

    • Information about fall risk and home safety considerations

    • Rates and risks for recurrence

    • Importance of using activity restrictions following treatment

    Article Seven (pp. 67–73)

31. Which of the following best summarizes the findings of this research?

    • Students feel confident in their counseling skills.

    • Students generally appreciate the importance of counseling in audiology, but lack structured supervision in developing counseling skills.

    • Students do not think counseling in audiology is important.

    • Students feel they receive adequate supervision to help develop counseling skills in clinical experiences.

    • Students want better counseling training via coursework.

32. According to the discussion, what might attribute to the variability in counseling training?

    • There is no variability in counseling training.

    • Some students do not pay as much attention as others during training opportunities.

    • There is a lack of practice guidelines related to necessary knowledge and skills for counseling.

    • There is a lack of interest from supervisors.

    • Some Au.D. programs do not offer dedicated counseling courses.

33. According to the discussion, what is the goal in providing counseling education?

    • to help students to purposefully implement counseling skills routinely in clinical practice

    • to help students understand the emotions individuals with hearing loss experience

    • to help students feel comfortable if a patient starts to cry

    • to help students know how to talk about an audiogram sensitively

    • none of the above, because counseling is not the job of the audiologist

34. Which of the following best explains why supervisor feedback on clinical skill development is so important?

    • Feedback helps students trust their supervisor's judgment.

    • Feedback is not important, because it may make the student feel bad about him- or herself.

    • Feedback can help the student feel good about him- or herself.

    • Feedback is a tool that can ensure changes in how students practice in clinic.

    • Feedback will help students become better audiologists.

35. Counseling can do which of the following?

    • Increase patient adherence to treatments and recommendations

    • Promote patient-provider trust

    • Improve outcomes to interventions

    • Improve patient satisfaction with care

    • All the above

    Article Eight (pp. 74–82)

36. Following presentation of didactic information, what are the steps for experiential learning?

    • Reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, active experimentation, concrete experience

    • Abstract conceptualization, active experimentation, concrete experience, reflective observation

    • Active experimentation, concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization

    • Concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, active experimentation

    • None of the above

37. Which of the following have a learning style that is facilitated through practical application of information?

    • Assimilators

    • Convergers

    • Accommodators

    • Divergers

    • None of the above

38. Based on the studies reviewed, aging simulation activities results in an increase in medical students'

    • empathy toward the elderly

    • positive attitude change toward the aging patient

    • worsening attitudes toward the aging process

    • distrust of the elderly

    • none of the above

39. What manual impairment was simulated by cotton and uncooked popcorn kernels in the fingertips of the gloves?

    • Arthritis

    • Peripheral neuropathy

    • Parkinson disease

    • Tremors

    • None of the above

40. Which of the following is the best example of active experimentation?

    • Wearing cataracts simulation glasses and earplugs while crossing the street

    • Journaling about experiences in the experiential aging simulation

    • Writing a treatment plan for a hearing aid fitting for a patient with dual sensory impairment

    • Conducting an accessibility audit of the university speech and hearing clinic

    • C and D

    Article Nine (pp. 83–90)

41. Risk factors for suicide include

    • mental disorders, particularly mood disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and certain personality disorders

    • alcohol and other substance use disorders

    • previous suicide attempt(s)

    • lack of social support and sense of isolation

    • all of the above

42. Which of the following is a warning sign for suicidal behavior?

    • Talking about being a burden to others

    • Stable mood

    • Talking about feeling hopeful

    • Social engagement

    • Healthy sleep patterns

43. Health care providers are permitted to disclose protected health information about a patient if the provider believes the patient presents a danger to self or others. To whom can providers disclose this information?

    • Law enforcement

    • Family members

    • Relevant health care providers

    • Other appropriate individuals

    • All of the above

44. A tip for dealing with someone who is threatening suicide or displaying warning signs would be to

    • swear to keep what they have told you a secret

    • act disinterested so that they will stop talking about it

    • get help from persons or agencies specializing in crisis intervention and suicide prevention

    • reassure them that everything will be fine

    • try to explain the value of life

45. If one of your patients dies by suicide, you should

    • seek social support

    • take advantage of resources that are available to you

    • seek psychotherapy, if indicated

    • seek support from clinical supervisors and administrators

    • all of the above

    Article Ten (pp. 91–106)

46. Which of the following best describes how counseling fits into the audiology scope of practice?

    • Counseling is outside of the audiology scope of practice.

    • Audiologists only provide counseling in the form of education, instruction, and advice.

    • Audiologists provide counseling for adjustment and psychosocial aspects specific to a patient's audiologic condition.

    • Audiologists conduct psychotherapy to treat individuals with mental health issues and diagnoses.

    • Audiologists evaluate and diagnose mental health conditions to determine if a referral to a counselor is necessary.

47. In a graduate education program, when should counseling microskills be taught?

    • Early in the program, because they are easy to master and can be learned in 1 or 2 weeks

    • Early in the program, because they are critical for building a therapeutic alliance, which may improve treatment outcomes

    • Late in the program, because counseling microskills are more effective if students already understand audiology-specific interventions

    • Late in the program, because students will be more comfortable role-playing

    • Early or late in the program, because it does not matter

48. Which counseling microskill involves being fully present and ongoing monitoring and management of internal and external distractions?

    • Active listening

    • Nonverbal communication

    • Silence

    • Empathy

    • Questioning

49. Which of the following is a recommended method of teaching counseling microskills to Au.D. students?

    • Lecture and discussion

    • Observation of professionals

    • Role-play with simulated patients

    • Triadic supervision

    • All of the above

50. Which of the following is a recommended method of evaluation counseling microskills in Au.D. students?

    • Evaluation of clinical session with instructor as client

    • Evaluation of clinical session with actor as client

    • Oral examination in class

    • A and B

    • All of the above

    Article Eleven (pp. 107–114)

51. A critical factor to consider in adopting new teaching tools is

    • students' familiarity with the tool

    • popularity with other instructors

    • availability of trial period

    • suitability in addressing desired learner outcomes

    • whether a training manual is available

52. Which of the following do you need to do to download a YouTube video to your computer?

    • Insert ss before the word youtube in the URL of the desired video.

    • Go to SaveFrom.net and download the SaveFrom software.

    • It is not possible to download YouTube videos to your computer.

    • Type youtube before the word youtube in the URL of the desired video.

    • Reboot your computer before downloading the SaveFrom software package.

53. Thieme eCommunication Science offers resources in which of the following formats?

    • E-books

    • Case studies

    • Images and videos

    • E-journals

    • All of the above

54. The interactive audience polling system called PollEverywhere requires that

    • students buy a clicker device to participate

    • students have a laptop computer to participate

    • students have a smartphone to participate

    • students have either a smartphone or computer to participate

    • instructors purchase a clicker device to transmit polling questions to students

55. According to the Supervision, Questioning, Feedback Model of clinical supervision, students must have which of the following to achieve competency in a given task?

    • Access to learning opportunities specific to that task

    • General experiences as an upperlevel student

    • Access to learning opportunities in related tasks

    • Classroom learning about the specific task

    • Achievement of the Conscious Competency level