Thrombin-like Enzymes from Snake Venoms: An Updated Inventory

Summary

As in the previous inventory (93), the term “thrombin-like”, continues to mean direct “fibrinogen-clotting”. The present tabulation adds 32 publications to the earlier one and focuses mainly on biochemical properties. Broader treatment of these enzymes, such as medical and other biological applications, can be found in a number of review articles and chapters (9, 69, 90, 110, 118).

• References

• 1 Aguiar AS, Alves CR, Melgarejo A, Gionanni-de-Simone S. Purification and partial characterization of a thrombin-like/gyroxin enzyme from bush-master (Lachesis muta rhombeata) venom.. Toxicon 1996; 34: 555-65.
• 2 Alexander G, Grothusen J, Zepeda H, Schwartzman RJ. Gyroxin, a toxin from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus, is a thrombin-like enzyme.. Toxicon 1988; 26: 953-60.
• 3 Andersson L. Isolation of thrombin-like activity from the venom of Trimeresurus okinavensis.. Haemostasis 1972; 1: 31-43.
• 4 Andersson L. The action and inhibition of the fibrinogen-clotting enzyme from the venom of Trimeresurus okinavensis.. Haemostasis 1972; 1: 79-92.
• 5 Aragon-Ortiz F, Gubensek F. Characterization of thrombin-like proteinase from Bothrops asper venom.. In: Toxins - Animal, Plant and Microbial: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins.. Rosenberg P. (ed) Pergamon Press; New York: 1978. pp 107-11.
• 6 Aragon-Ortiz F. Purification and properties of a coagulant proteinase isolated from bushmaster (Lachesis muta) venom (Serpentes: Viperidae).. Rev Biol Trop 1986; 34: 55-8.
• 7 Aragon-Ortiz F, Gubensek F. A thrombin-like enzyme from bushmaster Lachesis muta stenophyrs venom.. Toxicon 1993; 31: 1435-43.
• 8 Au L-C, Lin S-B, Chou J-S, Teh G-W, Chang K-J, Shih C-M. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA for ancrod, a thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of Calloselasma rhodostoma.. Biochem J 1993; 294: 387-90.
• 9 Bailey GS. (ed) The Enzymology of Snake Venoms.. Alaken, Inc.; Fort Collins, CO: (in press).
• 10 Bajwa SS, Markland Jr. FS. A new method for purification of the thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake.. Thromb Res 1979; 16: 11-23.
• 11 Bajwa SS, Markland FS, Russell FE. Fibrinolytic and fibrinogen clotting enzymes present in the venoms of western diamondback rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox, eastern diamondback rattlesnake, Crotalus adamanteus, and southern pacific rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis helleri.. Toxicon 1981; 19: 53-9.
• 12 Bajwa SS, Kirakossian H, Reddy KNN, Markland FS. Thrombin-like and fibrinolytic enzymes in the venoms from the Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica), eastern cottonmouth moccasin (Agkistrodon P, piscivorus) and southern copperhead (Agkistrodon c. contortrix) snakes.. Toxicon 1982; 20: 427-32.
• 13 Blombäck B, Blombäck M, Nilsson IM. Coagulation studies on “Reptilase”, an extract of the venom from Bothrops jararaca.. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1957; 1: 76-86.
• 14 Blombäck B. Studies on the action of thrombic enzymes on bovine fibrinogen as measured by N-terminal analysis.. Ark Kemi 1958; 12: 321-35.
• 15 Bode W, Turk D, Karshikov A. The refined 1.9-Å X-ray crystal structure of D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethylketone-inhibited α-thrombin: structure analysis, overall structure, electrostatic properties, detailed active-site geometry, and structure-function relationships.. Protein Sci 1992; 1: 426-71.
• 16 Burkhart W, Smith GFH, Su J-L, Parikh I, LeVine H. Amino acid sequence determination of Ancrod, the thrombin-like α-fibrinogenase from the venom of Akistrodon rhodostoma.. FEBS Lett 1992; 297: 297-301.
• 17 Campos S, Escobar E, Lazo F, Yarlequé A, Marsh NA, Peyser PM, Whaler BC, Creighton LJ, Gaffney PJ. Partial separation of a thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of the Peruvian bushmaster snake, Lachesis muta muta.. In: Hemostasis and Animal Venoms.. Pirkle H, Markland Jr FS. (eds). Marcel Dekker; New York: 1988. pp 107-15.
• 18 Chang M-C, Huang T-F. Characterization of a thrombin-like enzyme, grambin, from the venom of Trimeresurus gramineus and its in vivo anti-thrombotic effect.. Toxicon 1995; 33: 1087-98.
• 19 Collins JP, Jones JG. Studies on the active site of IRC-50 Arvin, the purified coagulant enzyme from Agkistrodon rhodostoma venom.. Eur J Biochem 1972; 26: 510-17.
• 20 Collins JP, Jones JG. Identification of serine and histidine as essential amino-acid residues in the coagulant enzyme ancrod.. Eur J Biochem 1974; 42: 81-7.
• 21 Damus PS, Markland Jr FS, Davidson TM, Shanley JD. A purified procoagulant enzyme from the venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus): In vivo and in vitro studies.. J Lab Clin Med 1972; 79: 906-23.
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• 23 Dyr JE, Blombäck B, Kornalík F. The fibrinogenolytic and procoagulant activity of Southern copperhead venom enzymes.. Thromb Res 1983; 30: 185-94.
• 24 Dyr JE, Blombäck B, Hessel B, Kornalík F. Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin induced by preferential release of fibronopeptide B.. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989; 990: 18-24.
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• 27 Edgar W, Prentice CRM. The proteolytic action of ancrod on human fibrinogen and its polypeptide chains.. Thromb Res 1973; 2: 85-96.
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• 29 Esnouf MP, Tunnah GW. The isolation and properties of the thrombin-like activity from Ancistrodon rhodostoma venom.. Br J Haematol 1967; 13: 581-90.
• 30 Ewart MR, Hatton MWC, Basford JM, Dodgson KS. The proteolytic action of Arvin on human fibrinogen.. Biochem J 1970; 118: 603-9.
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• 32 Farid TM, Tu AT, Farid El-Asmar M. Characterization of cerastobin, a thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of Cerastes vipera (Sahara sand viper).. Biochemistry 1989; 28: 371-7.
• 33 Farid TM, Tu AT, El-Asmar MG. Effect of cerastobin, a thrombin-like enzyme from Cerastes vipera (Egyptian sand snake) venom, on human platelets.. Haemostas 1990; 20: 296-304.
• 34 Fortova H, Dyr JE, Suttnar J. Isolation of a fibrinogen-converting enzyme ficozyme from the venom of Bothrops asper by one-step affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose.. J Chrom 1990; 523: 312-6.
• 35 Furlan M, Seelich T, Beck EA. Clottability and crosslinking reactivity of fibrinogen following differential release of fibrinopeptides A and B.. Thromb Haemost 1976; 36: 582-92.
• 36 Furukawa Y, Hayashi K. Factor X converting and thrombin-like activities of Bothrops jararaca snake venom.. Toxicon 1977; 15: 107-14.
• 37 Gaebert AK. Isolation of thrombin-like factors from Malayan pit viper venom by affinity chromatography.. Toxicon 1977; 15: 217-24.
• 38 Gaffney PJ, Marsh NA, Whaler BC. A coagulant enzyme from Gaboon-viper venom: Some aspects of its mode of action.. Biochem Soc Trans 1973; 1: 1208-10.
• 39 Guan L-F, Chi C-W, Yuan M. Study on the thrombin-like enzyme preferentially releasing fibrinopeptide B from the snake venom of Agkistrodon halys pallas.. Thromb Res 1984; 35: 301-10.
• 40 Guillin M-C, Bezeaud Bouton M-C, Jandrot-Perrus M. Thrombin specificity.. Thromb Haemost 1995; 74: 129-33.
• 41 Hahn BS, Yang KY, Park EM, Chang IM, Kim YS. Purification and molecular cloning of calobin, a thrombin-like enzyme from Agkistrodon caliginosus (Korean viper).. J Biochem 1996; 119: 835-43.
• 42 Hatton MWC. Studies on the coagulant enzyme from Agkistrodon rhodostoma venom. Isolation and some properties of the enzyme.. Biochem J 1973; 131: 799-807.
• 43 Herzig RH, Ratnoff OD, Shainoff JR. Studies on a procoagulant fraction of Southern copperhead snake venom: The preferential release of fibrino-peptide B.. J Lab Clin Med 1970; 76: 451-65.
• 44 Hiestand PC, Hiestand RR. Dispholidus typus (boomslang) snake venom: Purification and properties of the coagulant principles.. Toxicon 1979; 17: 489-98.
• 45 Holleman WH, Coen LJ. Characterization of peptides released from human fibrinogen by Arvin.. Biochim Biophys Acta 1970; 200: 587-9.
• 46 Holleman WH, Weiss LJ. The thrombin-like enzyme from Bothrops atrox snake venom. Properties of the enzyme purified by affinity chromatography on p-aminobenzamidine-substituted agarose.. J Biol Chem 1976; 251: 1663-9.
• 47 Hung C-C, Huang KF, Chiou SH. Characterization of one novel venom protease with ß-fibrinogenase activity from the Taiwan habu (Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus): Purification and cDNA analysis.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 205: 1663-9.
• 48 Itoh N, Tanaka N, Mihashi S, Yamashina I. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for batroxobin, a thrombin-like snake venom enzyme.. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 3132-5.
• 49 Iwasaki A, Shieh T-C, Shimohigashi Y, Waki M, Kihara H, Ohno M. Purification and characterization of a coagulant enzyme, okinaxobin I, from the venom of Trimeresurus okinavensis (himehabu snake) which releases fibrinopeptide B.. J Biochem 1990; 108: 822-8.
• 50 Kirby EP, Niewiarowski S, Stocker K, Kettner C, Shaw E. Thrombocytin, a serine protease from Bothrops atrox venom. 1. Purification and characterization of the enzyme.. Biochemistry 1979; 18: 3564-70.
• 51 Kisiel W, Canfield WM. Snake venom proteases that activate blood-coagulation factor V.. Methods Enzymol 1981; 80: 275-85.
• 52 Komori Y, Nikai T, Sakairi Y, Sugihara H. Characterization of clotting factors from Agkistrodon acutus venom.. Int J Biochem 1988; 20: 387-92.
• 53 Komori Y, Nikai T, Ohara A, Yagihashi S, Sugihara H. Effect of bilineobin, a thrombin-like proteinase from the venom of common cantil (Agkistrodon bilineatus).. Toxicon 1993; 31: 257-70.
• 54 Kopec M, Latallo UZS, Stahl M, Wegrzynowicz Z. The effect of proteolytic enzymes on fibrin stabilizing factor.. Biochim Biophys Acta 1969; 181: 437-45.
• 55 Kosugi T, Ariga Y, Nakamura M, Kinjo K. Purification and some chemical properties of thrombin-like enzyme from Trimeresurus flavoviridis venom.. Thromb Haemost 1986; 55: 24-30.
• 56 Laraba-Djebari B, Martin-Eauclaire M-F, Marchot P. A fibrinogen-clotting serine proteinase from Cerastes cerastes (horned viper) venom with arginine-esterase and amidase activities. Purification, characterization and kinetic parameter determination.. Toxicon 1986; 30: 1399-410.
• 57 Lochnit G, Geyer R. Carbohydrate structure analysis of batroxobin, a thrombin-like serine protease from Bothrops moojeni venom.. Europ J Biochem 1995; 228: 805-16.
• 58 Mackessy SP. Isolation of a thrombin-like protease from the venom of the Northern Pacific rattlesnake.. Abstracts of 9th World Congress on Animal, Plant and Microbial Toxins Stillwater, Oklahoma: 1988. p 37.
• 59 Magalhães A, de Oliveira GJ, Diniz CR. Purification and partial characterization of a thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of the bushmaster snake, Lachesis muta noctivaga.. Toxicon 1981; 19: 279-94.
• 60 Magalhães A, Da Fonseca BCB, Diniz DR, Gilroy J, Richardson M. The complete amino acid sequence of a thrombin-like enzyme/gyroxin analogue from venom of the bushmaster snake (Lachesis muta muta).. FEBS Lett 1993; 329: 116-20.
• 61 Markland FS, Damus PS. Purification and properties of a thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of Crotalus adamanteus (eastern diamondback rattlesnake).. J Biol Chem 1971; 246: 6460-73.
• 62 Markland Jr. FS. Crotalase.. Methods Enzymol 1976; 45: 223-36.
• 63 Markland FS, Pirkle H. Thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of Crotalus adamanteus (eastern diamondback rattlesnake).. Thromb Res 1977; 10: 487-94.
• 64 Markland FS, Kettner C, Shaw E, Bajwa SS. The inhibition of crotalase, a thrombin-like venom enzyme, by several peptide chloromethyl ketone derivatives.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 102: 1302-9.
• 65 Markland FS, Kettner C, Schiffman S, Shaw E, Bajwa SS, Reddy KNN, Kirakossian H, Patkos GB, Theodor I, Pirkle H. Kallikrein-like activity of crotalase, a snake venom enzyme that clots fibrinogen.. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 1688-92.
• 66 Marrakchi N, Barbouche R, Guermazi S, Bon C, El Ayeb M. Procoagulant and platelet-aggregating properties of cerastocytin from Cerastes cerastes venom.. Toxicon 1998; 35: 261-72.
• 67 Marrakchi N, Zingali RB, Karoui H, Bon C, El Ayeb M. Cerastocytin, a new thrombin-like platelet activator from the venom of the Tunisian viper Cerastes cerastes.. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1244: 147-56.
• 68 Marsh NA, Whaler BC. Separation and partial characterization of a coagulant enzyme from Bitis gabonica venom.. Br J Haematol 1974; 26: 295-306.
• 69 Marsh NA. Snake venoms affecting the haemostatic mechanism – a consideration of their mechanisms, practical applications and biological significance.. Blood Coag Fibrinolys 1994; 5: 399-410.
• 70 Mattock P, Esnouf MP. Differences in the subunit structure of human fibrin formed by the action of Arvin, Reptilase and thrombin.. Nature 1971; 223: 277-9.
• 71 McMullen BA, Fujikawa K, Kisiel W. Primary structure of a protein C activator from Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix venom.. Biochemistry 1989; 28: 674-9.
• 72 Mori N, Sugihara H. Comparative study of two arginine ester hydrolases, E-I and E-II from the venom of Crotalus ruber ruber (red rattlesnake).. Comp Biochem Physiol 1989; 92B: 537-47.
• 73 Niewiarowski S, Kirby EP, Brudzynski TM, Stocker K. Thrombocytin, a serine protease from Bothrops atrox venom. 2. Interaction with platelets and plasma-clotting factors.. Biochemistry 1979; 18: 3570-7.
• 74 Nikai T, Ohara A, Komori Y, Fox JW, Sugihara H. Primary structure of a coagulant enzyme, bilineobin, from Agkistrodon bilineatus venom.. Arch Biochem Biophys 1995; 318: 89-96.
• 75 Nishida S, Fujimura Y, Miura S, Ozaki Y, Usami Y, Suzuki S, Titani K, Yoshida E, Sugimoto M, Yoshioka A, Fukui H. Purification and characterization of bothrombin, a fibrinogen-clotting serine protease from the venom of Bothrops jararaca.. Biochemistry 1994; 33: 1843-9.
• 76 Nolan C, Hall LS, Barlow GH. Ancrod, the coagulating enzyme from Malayan pit viper (Agkistrodon rhodostoma) venom.. Methods Enzymol 1976; 45: 205-13.
• 77 Nose T, Shimohigashi Y, Hattori S, Kihara H, Ohno M. Purification and characterization of a coagulant enzyme, okinaxobin, from Trimeresurus okinavensis (himehabu snake) venom, which releases fibrinopeptides A and B.. Toxicon 1994; 32: 1509-20.
• 78 Oka U, Nakamura M, Kinjoh K, Kosugi T. Alpha 2-macroglobulin of rabbits inhibits the habutobin activity.. Toxicon 1996; 34: 903-12.
• 79 Okada M, Blombäck B, Chang MD, Horowitz B. Fibronectin and fibrin gel structure.. J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 1811-20.
• 80 Orejuela P, Zavaleta A, Salas M, Marsh N. Thrombin-like activity in snake venoms from Peruvian Bothrops and Lachesis genera.. Toxicon 1991; 29: 1151-4.
• 81 Ortiz FA, Gubensek F. Isolation and some properties of blood clotting enzyme from the venom of Bothrops asper.. Bull Inst Pasteur 1976; 74: 145-8.
• 82 Ouyang C, Hong JS, Teng C-M. Purification and properties of the thrombin-like principle of Agkistrodon acutus venom and its comparison with bovine thrombin.. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1971; 26: 224-34.
• 83 Ouyang C, Hong JS. Inhibition of the thrombin-like principle of Agkistrodon acutus venom by group-specific enzyme inhibitors.. Toxicon 1974; 12: 449-53.
• 84 Ouyang C, Yang F-Y. Purification and properties of the thrombin-like enzyme from Trimeresurus gramineus venom.. Biochim Biophys Acta 1974; 351: 354-63.
• 85 Ouyang C, Teng CM. In vivo effects of the purified thrombin-like and anticoagulant principles of Agkistrodon acutus (hundred pace snake) venom.. Toxicon 1978; 16: 583-93.
• 86 Pfeiffer G, Dabrowski U, Dabrowski J, Stirm S, Strube K-H, Geyer R. Carbohydrate structure of a thrombin-like serine protease from Agkistrodon rhodostoma. Structure elucidation of oligosaccharides by methylation analysis, liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry and proton magnetic resonance.. Eur J Biochem 1992; 205: 961-78.
• 87 Pfeiffer G, Linder L, Strube K-H, Geyer R. Glycosylation of the thrombin-like serine protease ancrod from Agkistrodon rhodostoma venom. Oligosaccharide substitution pattern at each N-glycosylation site.. Glycoconj J 1993; 10: 240-6.
• 88 Pirkle H, Markland FS, Theodor I, Baumgartner R, Bajwa SS, Kirakossian H. The primary structure of crotalase, a thrombin-like venom enzyme, exhibits closer homology to kallikrein than to other serine proteases.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 99: 715-21.
• 89 Pirkle H, Theodor I, Miyada D, Simmons G. Thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of Bitis gabonica. Purification, properties, and coagulant actions.. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 8830-5.
• 90 Pirkle H, Markland FS. (eds) Hemostasis and Animal Venoms.. Marcel Dekker; New York: 1988
• 91 Pirkle H, Theodor I. Thrombin-like enzymes in the study of fibrin formation.. In: Hemostasis and Animal Venoms.. Pirkle H, and Markland Jr FS. (eds) Marcel Dekker; New York: 1988. pp 121-41.
• 92 Pirkle H, Theodor I, Lopez R. Catroxobin, a weakly thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of Crotalus atrox. NH₂-terminal and active site amino acid sequences.. Thromb Res 1989; 56: 159-68.
• 93 Pirkle H, Stocker K. Thrombin-like enzymes from snake venoms: An inventory.. Thromb Haemost 1991; 65: 444-50.
• 94 Pirkle H, Marsh N. Nomenclature of exogenous hemostatic factors.. Toxicon 1992; 30: 1513-4.
• 95 Pirkle H, Theodor I, Henschen A. Crotalase, a fibrinogen-clotting venom enzyme: Primary structure and evidence for lack of fibrinogen recognition exosite homologous to that of thombin.. Haemostasis 1996; 26 (Suppl. 03) 452.
• 96 Pitney WR, Bell WR, Bolton G. Blood fibrinolytic activity during Arvin therapy.. Br J Haematol 1969; 16: 165-71.
• 97 Pitney WR, Regoeczi E. Inactivation of Arvin by plasma proteins.. Br J Haematol 1970; 100: 67-81.
• 98 Pizzo SV, Schwartz ML, Hill RL, McKee PA. Mechanism of ancrod anticoagulation. A direct proteolytic effect on fibrin.. J Clin Invest 1972; 51: 2841-50.
• 99 Raw I, Rocha MC, Esteves MI, Kamiguti AS. Isolation and characterization of a thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus.. Braz J Med Biol Res 1986; 9: 333-8.
• 100 Sato T, lwanaga S, Mizushirna Y, Suzuki T. Studies on venoms. XV. Separation of arginine ester hydrolase of Agkistrodon halys blomhoffi venom into three enzymatic entities: “Bradykinin releasing”, “clotting” and “permeability increasing”.. J Biochem 1965; 57: 380-91.
• 101 Schwartz ML, Pizzo SV, Hill RL, McKee PA. Human factor XIII from plasma and platelets. Molecular weights, subunit structures, proteolytic activation, and cross-linking of fibrinogen and fibrin.. J Biol Chem 1973; 248: 1395-407.
• 102 Selistre HS, Giglio JR. Isolation and characterization of a thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of the snake Bothrops insularis (jararaca ilhoa).. Toxicon 1987; 25: 1135-44.
• 103 Shainoff JR, Dardik BN. Fibrinopeptide B and aggregation of fibrinogen.. Science 1979; 204: 200-2.
• 104 Shainoff J, Welches WR. Studies of the preferential release of fibrinopep-tide B by copperhead procoagulant enzymes.. In: Hemostasis and Animal Venoms.. Pirkle H, Markland Jr FS (eds). Marcel Dekker; New York: 1988. pp 85-92.
• 105 Shieh T-C, Tanaka S, Kihara H, Ohno M, Makisumi S. Purification and characterization of a coagulant enzyme from Trimeresurus flavoviridis venom.. J Biochem 1985; 98: 713-21.
• 106 Shieh T-C, Kawabata S-I, Kihara H, Ohno M, Iwanaga S. Amino acid sequence of a coagulant enzyme, flavoxobin, from Trimeresurus flavoviridis venom.. J Biochem 1988; 103: 596-605.
• 107 Shu Y-Y, Moran JB, Geren CR. A thrombin-like enzyme from timber rattlesnake venom.. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 748: 236-44.
• 108 Silveira AMV, Magalhães A, Diniz CR, De Oliveira EB. Purification and properties of the thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of Lachesis muta muta.. Int J Biochem 1989; 21: 863-71.
• 109 Stocker K, Barlow GH. The coagulant enzyme from Bothrops atrox venom (batroxobin).. Methods Enzymol 1976; 45: 214-23.
• 110 Stocker KF. (ed) Medical Use of Snake Venom Proteins.. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL: 1990
• 111 Stürzebecher J, Stürzebecher U, Markwardt F. Inhibition of batroxobin, a serine proteinase from Bothrops snake venom, by derivatives of benzami-dine.. Toxicon 1986; 24: 585-95.
• 112 Suzuki T. Pharmacologically and biochemically active components of Japanese ophidian venoms.. Mem Inst Butantan, San Paulo 1966; 33: 519-22.
• 113 Suzuki T, Takahashi H. Purification of two thrombin-like enzymes from the venom of Agkistrodon caliginosus (kankoku-mamushi).. Toxicon 1984; 22: 29-38.
• 114 Tan NH, Tan CS. Fractionation of Sumatran pit viper (Trimeresurus sumatranus sumatranus) venom by DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange chromatography and some biological properties of the fractions.. Toxicon 1989; 27: 697-702.
• 115 Tanaka N, Nakada H, Itoh N, Mizuno Y, Takanishi M, Kawasaki T, Tate S-I, Inagaki F, Yamashina I. Novel structure of the N-acetylgalactosamine containing N-glycosidic carbohydrate chain of batroxobin, a thrombin-like snake venom enzyme.. J Biochem 1992; 112: 68-74.
• 116 Tangen O, Wik OK, Berman HJ. The effect of thrombin, Reptilase, and a fibrinopeptide B-releasing enzyme from the venom of the southern copperhead snake venom on rabbit platelets.. Microvasc Res 1973; 6: 342-6.
• 117 Teng C-M, Ko F-N. Comparison of the platelet aggregation induced by three thrombin-like enzymes of snake venoms and thrombin.. Thromb Haemost 1988; 59: 304-9.
• 118 Tu AT. (ed) Handbook of Natural Toxins, Vol 5, Reptile Venoms and Toxins.. Marcel Dekker; New York: 1991
• 119 Turpie AGG, Prentice CRM, McNicol GP, Douglas AS. In-vitro studies with ancrod (Arvin).. Br J Haematol 1971; 20: 217-24.
• 120 Viljoen CC, Meehan CM, Botes DP. Separation of Bitis gabonica (Gaboon adder) venom arginine esterases into kinin-releasing, clotting and fibrinolytic factors.. Toxicon 1979; 17: 126-54.
• 121 Walter M, Nyman E, Krajnc V, Duckert F. The activation of plasma factor XIII with the snake venom enzymes ancrod and batroxobin marajoensis.. Thromb Haemost 1977; 38: 438-46.
• 122 Yarleque AL, Campos S, Escobar E, Lazo F, Sanchez N, Hyslop S, Marsh NA, Butterworth PJ, Price RG. Isolation and characterization of a fibrinogen-clotting enzyme from venom of the snake, Lachesis muta muta (Peruvian bushmaster).. Toxicon 1989; 27: 1189-97.
• 123 Zaganelli GL, Zaganelli MG, Magalhaes A, Diniz CR, de Lima ME. Purification and characterization of a fibrinogen-clotting enzyme from the venom of jararacucu (Bothrops jararacussu).. Toxicon 1996; 34: 807-19.