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Osteologie 2013; 22(01): 18-24
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1630102
Hochauflösende Methoden in der Osteologie
Schattauer GmbH

μCT-Anwendungen in der biologischen Anthropologie

μCT-Applications in Biological Anthropology
G. W. Weber
1   Universität Wien, Department für Anthropologie, Wien, Österreich
,
S. Benazzi
1   Universität Wien, Department für Anthropologie, Wien, Österreich
2   Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig
,
O. Kullmer
3   Department of Palaeoanthropology and Messel Research, Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt/Main
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

eingereicht: 23 October 2012

angenommen: 27 October 2012

Publication Date:
29 January 2018 (online)

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Zusammenfassung

Die Anthropologie ist im Wandel begriffen. Neue Felder wie die Virtuelle Anthropologie nutzen die fächerübergreifende Zusammenarbeit und modernste Technologien wie Micro-Computertomografie, statistische Gestalt- und Formanalysen und biomechanische Modellierungen. Die Bedeutung dieser Veränderungen, auch im Hinblick auf eine zukünftig verstärkte Kooperation mit den medizinischen Wissenschaften, werden erörtert. Anhand zweier Beispiele wird der Nutzen der Innovationen beschrieben. Das erste Beispiel demonstriert die Entdeckung der ältesten europäischen modernen Menschen (Grotta del Cavallo, ~45 000 Jahre), die zunächst als Neandertaler fehlinterpretiert wurden. Die inneren und äußeren Strukturen der Milchzähne wurden mithilfe von μ-CT-Daten untersucht und mit modernen Menschen und Neandertalern verglichen. Die Individuen von Cavallo erwiesen sich eindeutig als anatomisch modern, ein Befund, der nun auch die Interpretation der begleitenden Werkzeugfunde beeinflusst. Das zweite Beispiel betrifft die erste realitätsnahe Simulierung der Biomechanik von menschlichen Molaren, die mithilfe von μ-CT-Aufnahmen und der Beurteilung des individuellen Abkauungsmusters der Zähne erstellt wurde.

Summary

The domain of anthropology is in flux. New interdisciplinary fields such as Virtual Anthropology (VA) utilize collaborations across borders as well as state-of-the-art technologies such as micro-computed tomography, statistical shape and form analysis, and biomechanical modelling. The meaning of these changes, also with regard to a possibly broadened cooperation with the medical sciences, is discussed. By means of two examples, we describe the benefits of innovation. The first example demonstrates the discovery of the earliest European modern humans (Grotta del Cavallo, ~45,000 years) that were erroneously classified as Neanderthals in the 1960s. Two milk teeth were μ-CT scanned and their internal and external structures analysed metrically according to methods of VA. The comparison with recent humans, paleolithic humans, and Neanderthals showed that the Cavallo people were clearly anatomically modern. Because advanced tools were also found in the cave, this result has an impact on the interpretation of the transition of cultures and extinction of Neanderthals. The second example shows the first realistic simulation of the biomechanics of human molars that uses individual wear patterns for loading scenarios. The Finite Element Analyses of the teeth were done on μ-CT scans of modern material and showed that, if the different phases of mastication and the wear information were integrated, results differ significantly from former simulations. For instance, the occlusal fissures show extremely high tensile stresses. The meaning of this is not yet understood but sounds a note of caution with regard to dental interventions (i. e. fissure fillings).

Schlüsselwörter

Virtuelle Anthropologie - Mikro-Computertomografie - Gestaltanalyse - Biomechanik

Keywords

Virtual Anthropology - micro-computed tomography - shape analysis - biomechanics
 

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