Pelvic fractures in the dog and cat: a classification system and review of 556 cases

M. Messmer; P. M. Montavon

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1633411

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Table of Contents

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2004; 17(04): 167-183
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1633411

Clinical Communication

Schattauer GmbH

Pelvic fractures in the dog and cat: a classification system and review of 556 cases

M. Messmer

¹Clinic of Small Animal Surgery, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

,

P. M. Montavon

¹Clinic of Small Animal Surgery, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Summary

A system for the classification of pelvic fractures in small animals is described. The system is based on a review of 556 cases and adapted from the AO/ASIF classification system for fractures of long bones in humans and small animals. A coding method was created to encompass the multiple sites in pelvic fractures, and associate fracture location and morphology with complexity of therapy and prognosis. The classification is based on criteria derived from standard radiographs and well-defined in a glossary of terms. Illustrations of fracture configurations given by the codes facilitate the designation of codes to cases. This article introduces the classification system and reports the findings when applied to 556 cases of pelvic fractures.

Keywords

Pelvic fractures - small animal - classification - alphanumeric coding

Full Text

References

References
1 Anderson A, Coughlan AR. Sacral fractures in dogs and cats: A classification scheme and review of 51 cases. J Small Anim Pract 1997; 38: 404-9.
2 Averill SM, Johnson AL, Schaeffler DJ. Risk factors associated with developement of pelvic canal stenosis secondary to sacroiliac separation: 84 cases (1985-1995). J AM Vet Med Assoc 1997; 211 (01) 75-8.
3 Betts CW. Pelvic fractures. In: Textbook of small animal surgery. Slatter D. ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1993: 1769-86.
4 Boehmer E. Beckenfrakturen und – luxationen bei der Katze in den Jahren 1975-1982. München, Vet. Med. Dissertation. 1985
5 Bookbinder PF, Flanders JA. Characteristics of pelvic fracture in the cat. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 1992; 05: 122-7.
6 Brinker WO, Hohn RB, Prieur WD. Manual for internal fixation in small animals. Berlin Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo: Springer Verlag; 1984: 85-7.
7 Buchholz RW. The pathological anatomy of Malgaigne fracture-dislocations of the pelvis. J Bone Joint Surg 1981; 63-A: 400-4.
8 Butterworth SJ, Gribben S, Skerry TM, Denny HR, Barr ARS. Conservative and surgical treatment of canine acetabular fractures: a review of 34 cases. J Small Anim Pract 1994; 35: 139-43.
9 Cook JL, Cook CR, Tomlinson JL, Millis DL, Starost M, Albrecht MA, Payne JT. Scapular fractures in dogs: Epidemiology, classification, and concurrent injuries in 105 cases (1988-1994). JAAHA 1997; 33: 528-32.
10 David J. Contribution à l’étude des fractures du bassin et à leur traitement chez le chien et le chat. Toulouse, Thèse Doctorat Vétérinaire. 1969
11 DeCamp CE, Braden TD. Sacroiliac fractureseparation in the dog. A study of 92 cases. Vet Surg 1985; 14 (02) 127-30.
12 Eaton-Wells RD, Matis U, Robins GM, Whittick WG. Pelvic fractures. In: Canine orthopedics. Whittick WG. ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger Co; 1990: 387-471.
13 Egger EL, Whittick WG. Principles of fracture management. In: Canine orthopedics. Whittick WG. ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger Co; 1990: 215-97.
14 Hulse DA. Acetabular fractures. In: Current techniques in small animal surgery. Bojrab MJ. ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger C; 1983
15 Isler B, Ganz R. Classification of pelvic ring injuries. Injury 1996; 27 (Suppl. 01) A3-12.
16 Kuntz CA, Waldron D, Martin RA, Shires PK, Moon M, Shell L. Sacral fractures in dogs: A review of 32 cases. JAAHA 1995; 31: 142-50.
17 Letournel E. Acetabulum fractures – classification and management: Clin Orthop. 1980; 151: 81-106.
18 Messmer M. Beckenfrakturen beim Kleintier-Retrospektive Studie und Erstellung einer Frakturklassifikation. Zuerich, Vet. Med. Dissertation. 1995
19 Miller CW, Sumner-Smith G, Sheridan C, Pennock PW. Using the Unger system to classify 386 long bone fractures in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1998; 39 (08) 390-3.
20 Mueller ME, Nazarin S, Koch P, Schatzker J. The comprehensive classification of fractures of long bones. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo: Springer Verlag; 1990
21 Peltier LF. Joseph Francois Malgaigne and Malgaigne’s fractures. Clin Orthop 1980; 151: 4-7.
22 Peltier LF. Complications associated with fractures of the pelvis. J Bone Joint Surg 1965; 47-A: 1060-9.
23 Poigenfuerst J. Beckenringbrueche und ihre Behandlung. Unfallheilkunde 1979; 82: 309-19.
24 Schebitz RB, Brass WR. Allgemeine Chirugie fuer Tieraerzte und Studierende. Berlin, Hambur: Paul Parey Verlag; 1975: 372-5.
25 Taylor RA. Treatment of fractures of the sacrum and sacrococcygeal region. Vet Surg. 1981 10. 119-25.
26 Tile M. Acute pelvic fractures: I. Causation and classification. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1996; 04 (03) 143-51.
27 Unger M. Untersuchung der Anwendbarkeit der AO Klassifikation der Frakturen an den langen Roehrenknochen von Hund und Katze. Zuerich, Vet. Med. Dissertation. 1990
28 Unger M, Montavon PM, Heim UFA. Classification of fractures of long bones in the dog and cat: Introduction and clinical application. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 1990; 03: 41-50.
29 Vogel A. Osteosynthese am Becken des Hundes – Behandlung und Ergebisse aus den Jahren 1978-1982. Muenchen, Vet. Med. Dissertation. 1986
30 Voigt GE. Untersuchungen zur Mechanik der Beckenfrakturen und -Luxationen. Hefte Unfallheilkunde 1965; 85: 1-92.
31 Zaal MD, Hazewinkel HAW. Classification of 202 tibial fractures in cats and dogs. Proceedings, Fifth Annual Scientific Meeting, European College of Veterinary Surgeons, Utrecht. June 28-30, 1996: 45.
32 Zwipp H, Dahlen C, Grass R, Rammelt S. Verletzungen des Beckenringes: Der Weg zur exakten Diagnose: Welche bildgebenden Verfahren sind angezeigt? Synopsis der Informationen. Zentralbl Chir 2000; 125: 730-6.