Download PDF
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2018; 22(02): 245-260
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1639471
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Cartilage Imaging: Techniques and Developments

Edwin H.G. Oei
1   Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
,
Marius C. Wick
2   Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
,
Anja Müller-Lutz
3   Division of Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
,
Christoph Schleich
3   Division of Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
,
Falk R. Miese
3   Division of Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
19 April 2018 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Cartilage degeneration is one of the most common chronic age-related joint disorders leading to pain and reduced joint motion. The increasing prevalence of osteoarthritis requires accurate cartilage imaging, both clinically and in research. Detailed cartilage imaging is also necessary for traumatic cartilage lesions and for pre- and postoperative assessment of cartilage repair procedures. Although still widely used, conventional radiography bears significant limitations because it assesses cartilage indirectly by joint space width. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables direct visualization of cartilage damage along with other concomitantly affected joint tissues. Several semiquantitative grading systems and volumetric analysis methods exist to assess cartilage damage and cartilage repair on MRI. Quantification of hyaline and fibrocartilage biochemical composition is possible with novel MRI methods such as T2- and T1ρ-mapping, delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage, glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer, and sodium imaging, along with quantitative computed tomography arthrography. These techniques provide promising quantitative imaging biomarkers that can detect early cartilage changes before morphological alterations occur.

Keywords

articular cartilage - imaging - radiography - magnetic resonance imaging - computed tomography
 

  • References

  • 1 Hunter DJ, Schofield D, Callander E. The individual and socioeconomic impact of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014; 10 (07) 437-441
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Felson DT, Naimark A, Anderson J, Kazis L, Castelli W, Meenan RF. The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the elderly. The Framingham Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheum 1987; 30 (08) 914-918
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Roemer FW, Crema MD, Trattnig S, Guermazi A. Advances in imaging of osteoarthritis and cartilage. Radiology 2011; 260 (02) 332-354
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS. Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1957; 16 (04) 494-502
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 5 Wick MC, Klauser AS. Radiological differential diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis [in German]. Radiologe 2012; 52 (02) 116-123
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Landsmeer MLA, Runhaar J, van der Plas P. , et al. Reducing progression of knee OA features assessed by MRI in overweight and obese women: secondary outcomes of a preventive RCT. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24 (06) 982-990
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Matzat SJ, van Tiel J, Gold GE, Oei EHG. Quantitative MRI techniques of cartilage composition. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2013; 3 (03) 162-174
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Maroudas A, Bayliss MT, Venn MF. Further studies on the composition of human femoral head cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis 1980; 39 (05) 514-523
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Venn M, Maroudas A. Chemical composition and swelling of normal and osteoarthrotic femoral head cartilage. I. Chemical composition. Ann Rheum Dis 1977; 36 (02) 121-129
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Lequesne MG, Laredo JD. The faux profil (oblique view) of the hip in the standing position. Contribution to the evaluation of osteoarthritis of the adult hip. Ann Rheum Dis 1998; 57 (11) 676-681
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Bruyere O, Genant H, Kothari M. , et al. Longitudinal study of magnetic resonance imaging and standard X-rays to assess disease progression in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15 (01) 98-103
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Raynauld JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Berthiaume M-J. , et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of knee osteoarthritis progression over two years and correlation with clinical symptoms and radiologic changes. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50 (02) 476-487
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Altman R, Brandt K, Hochberg M. , et al. Design and conduct of clinical trials in patients with osteoarthritis: recommendations from a task force of the Osteoarthritis Research Society. Results from a workshop. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1996; 4 (04) 217-243
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Schiphof D, Boers M, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA. Differences in descriptions of Kellgren and Lawrence grades of knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67 (07) 1034-1036
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Felson DT, Gale DR, Elon Gale M. , et al. Osteophytes and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44 (01) 100-104
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Spector TD, Harris PA, Hart DJ. , et al. Risk of osteoarthritis associated with long-term weight-bearing sports: a radiologic survey of the hips and knees in female ex-athletes and population controls. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39 (06) 988-995
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Ding C, Garnero P, Cicuttini F, Scott F, Cooley H, Jones G. Knee cartilage defects: association with early radiographic osteoarthritis, decreased cartilage volume, increased joint surface area and type II collagen breakdown. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13 (03) 198-205
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Barr C, Bauer JS, Malfair D. , et al. MR imaging of the ankle at 3 Tesla and 1.5 Tesla: protocol optimization and application to cartilage, ligament and tendon pathology in cadaver specimens. Eur Radiol 2007; 17 (06) 1518-1528
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Trattnig S, Mamisch TC, Pinker K. , et al. Differentiating normal hyaline cartilage from post-surgical repair tissue using fast gradient echo imaging in delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI (dGEMRIC) at 3 Tesla. Eur Radiol 2008; 18 (06) 1251-1259
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Li CQ, Chen W, Rosenberg JK. , et al. Optimizing isotropic three-dimensional fast spin-echo methods for imaging the knee. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 39 (06) 1417-1425
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Notohamiprodjo M, Kuschel B, Horng A. , et al. 3D-MRI of the ankle with optimized 3D-SPACE. Invest Radiol 2012; 47 (04) 231-239
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Welsch GH, Mamisch TC, Weber M, Horger W, Bohndorf K, Trattnig S. High-resolution morphological and biochemical imaging of articular cartilage of the ankle joint at 3.0 T using a new dedicated phased array coil: in vivo reproducibility study. Skeletal Radiol 2008; 37 (06) 519-526
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Yulish BS, Montanez J, Goodfellow DB, Bryan PJ, Mulopulos GP, Modic MT. Chondromalacia patellae: assessment with MR imaging. Radiology 1987; 164 (03) 763-766
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Peterfy CG, Guermazi A, Zaim S. , et al. Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) of the knee in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004; 12 (03) 177-190
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Hunter DJ, Lo GH, Gale D, Grainger AJ, Guermazi A, Conaghan PG. The reliability of a new scoring system for knee osteoarthritis MRI and the validity of bone marrow lesion assessment: BLOKS (Boston Leeds Osteoarthritis Knee Score). Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67 (02) 206-211
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Kornaat PR, Ceulemans RYT, Kroon HM. , et al. MRI assessment of knee osteoarthritis: Knee Osteoarthritis Scoring System (KOSS)—inter-observer and intra-observer reproducibility of a compartment-based scoring system. Skeletal Radiol 2005; 34 (02) 95-102
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Hunter DJ, Guermazi A, Lo GH. , et al. Evolution of semi-quantitative whole joint assessment of knee OA: MOAKS (MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score). Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19 (08) 990-1002
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Marlovits S, Striessnig G, Resinger CT. , et al. Definition of pertinent parameters for the evaluation of articular cartilage repair tissue with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Radiol 2004; 52 (03) 310-319
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Marlovits S, Singer P, Zeller P, Mandl I, Haller J, Trattnig S. Magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) for the evaluation of autologous chondrocyte transplantation: determination of interobserver variability and correlation to clinical outcome after 2 years. Eur J Radiol 2006; 57 (01) 16-23
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Eckstein F, Gavazzeni A, Sittek H. , et al. Determination of knee joint cartilage thickness using three-dimensional magnetic resonance chondro-crassometry (3D MR-CCM). Magn Reson Med 1996; 36 (02) 256-265
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Pilch L, Stewart C, Gordon D. , et al. Assessment of cartilage volume in the femorotibial joint with magnetic resonance imaging and 3D computer reconstruction. J Rheumatol 1994; 21 (12) 2307-2321
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Graichen H, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, Vogl T, Englmeier K-H, Eckstein F. Quantitative assessment of cartilage status in osteoarthritis by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging: technical validation for use in analysis of cartilage volume and further morphologic parameters. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50 (03) 811-816
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Kalke RJ, Di Primio GA, Schweitzer ME. MR and CT arthrography of the knee. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2012; 16 (01) 57-68
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Link TM, Neumann J, Li X. Prestructural cartilage assessment using MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 45 (04) 949-965
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Eagle S, Potter HG, Koff MF. Morphologic and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of knee articular cartilage for the assessment of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2017; 35 (03) 412-423
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Kolf A-K, Hesper T, Schleich C. , et al. T2* mapping of ovine intervertebral discs: normative data for cervical and lumbar spine. J Orthop Res 2016; 34 (04) 717-724
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Oei EHG, van Tiel J, Robinson WH, Gold GE. Quantitative radiologic imaging techniques for articular cartilage composition: toward early diagnosis and development of disease-modifying therapeutics for osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014; 66 (08) 1129-1141
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Mosher TJ, Smith H, Dardzinski BJ, Schmithorst VJ, Smith MB. MR imaging and T2 mapping of femoral cartilage: in vivo determination of the magic angle effect. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177 (03) 665-669
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Siriwanarangsun P, Statum S, Biswas R, Bae WC, Chung CB. Ultrashort time to echo magnetic resonance techniques for the musculoskeletal system. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2016; 6 (06) 731-743
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Bae WC, Dwek JR, Znamirowski R. , et al. Ultrashort echo time MR imaging of osteochondral junction of the knee at 3 T: identification of anatomic structures contributing to signal intensity. Radiology 2010; 254 (03) 837-845
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Bittersohl B, Kircher J, Miese FR. , et al. T2* mapping and delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in cartilage (dGEMRIC) of humeral articular cartilage—a histologically controlled study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2015; 24 (10) 1644-1652
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Carballido-Gamio J, Blumenkrantz G, Lynch JA, Link TM, Majumdar S. Longitudinal analysis of MRI T(2) knee cartilage laminar organization in a subset of patients from the osteoarthritis initiative. Magn Reson Med 2010; 63 (02) 465-472
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Kijowski R, Blankenbaker DG, Munoz Del Rio A, Baer GS, Graf BK. Evaluation of the articular cartilage of the knee joint: value of adding a T2 mapping sequence to a routine MR imaging protocol. Radiology 2013; 267 (02) 503-513
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Ellermann J, Ziegler C, Nissi MJ. , et al. Acetabular cartilage assessment in patients with femoroacetabular impingement by using T2* mapping with arthroscopic verification. Radiology 2014; 271 (02) 512-523
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Lazovic-Stojkovic J, Mosher TJ, Smith HE, Yang QX, Dardzinski BJ, Smith MB. Interphalangeal joint cartilage: high-spatial-resolution in vivo MR T2 mapping--a feasibility study. Radiology 2004; 233 (01) 292-296
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 Verschueren J, Meuffels DE, Bron EE. , et al. Possibility of quantitative T2-mapping MRI of cartilage near metal in high tibial osteotomy: a human cadaver study. J Orthop Res Available at: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jor.23729/abstract
    PubMed
  • 47 Mosher TJ, Liu Y, Torok CM. Functional cartilage MRI T2 mapping: evaluating the effect of age and training on knee cartilage response to running. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18 (03) 358-364
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 Zhang Y, Hu J, Duan C, Hu P, Lu H, Peng X. Correlation study between facet joint cartilage and intervertebral discs in early lumbar vertebral degeneration using T2, T2* and T1ρ mapping. PLoS One 2017; 12 (06) e0178406
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 49 Bashir A, Gray ML, Burstein D. Gd-DTPA2- as a measure of cartilage degradation. Magn Reson Med 1996; 36 (05) 665-673
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Sigurdsson U, Siversson C, Lammentausta E, Svensson J, Tiderius C-J, Dahlberg LE. In vivo transport of Gd-DTPA2- into human meniscus and cartilage assessed with delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC). BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15: 226
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 Watanabe A, Wada Y, Obata T. , et al. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MR to determine glycosaminoglycan concentration in reparative cartilage after autologous chondrocyte implantation: preliminary results. Radiology 2006; 239 (01) 201-208
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Buchbender C, Scherer A, Kröpil P. , et al. Cartilage quality in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of T2* mapping, native T1 mapping, dGEMRIC, ΔR1 and value of pre-contrast imaging. Skeletal Radiol 2012; 41 (06) 685-692
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 Trattnig S, Marlovits S, Gebetsroither S. , et al. Three-dimensional delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) for in vivo evaluation of reparative cartilage after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation at 3.0T: preliminary results. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 26 (04) 974-982
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 54 Zilkens C, Miese F, Kim Y-J. , et al. Direct comparison of intra-articular versus intravenous delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of hip joint cartilage. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 39 (01) 94-102
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Boesen M, Jensen KE, Qvistgaard E. , et al. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (dGEMRIC) of hip joint cartilage: better cartilage delineation after intra-articular than intravenous gadolinium injection. Acta Radiol 2006; 47 (04) 391-396
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Forghani R. Adverse effects of gadolinium-based contrast agents: changes in practice patterns. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 25 (04) 163-169
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 Zilkens C, Miese F, Kim YJ. , et al. Three-dimensional delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of hip joint cartilage at 3T: a prospective controlled study. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81 (11) 3420-3425
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 58 Kang Y, Choi JY, Yoo HJ, Hong SH, Kang HS. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging of cartilage: a comparative analysis of different gadolinium-based contrast agents in an ex vivo porcine model. Radiology 2017; 282 (03) 734-742
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 59 Li W, Scheidegger R, Wu Y. , et al. Delayed contrast-enhanced MRI of cartilage: comparison of nonionic and ionic contrast agents. Magn Reson Med 2010; 64 (05) 1267-1273
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Freedman JD, Lusic H, Wiewiorski M, Farley M, Snyder BD, Grinstaff MW. A cationic gadolinium contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51 (56) 11166-11169
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 61 Gray ML, Burstein D, Kim YJ, Maroudas A. 2007 Elizabeth Winston Lanier Award Winner. Magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage glycosaminoglycan: basic principles, imaging technique, and clinical applications. J Orthop Res 2008; 26 (03) 281-291
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 62 Zilkens C, Miese F, Herten M. , et al. Validity of gradient-echo three-dimensional delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of hip joint cartilage: a histologically controlled study. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82 (02) e81-e86
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 63 van Tiel J, Kotek G, Reijman M. , et al. Is T1ρ mapping an alternative to delayed gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging of cartilage in the assessment of sulphated glycosaminoglycan content in human osteoarthritic knees? An in vivo validation study. Radiology 2016; 279 (02) 523-531
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 van Tiel J, Bron EE, Tiderius CJ. , et al. Reproducibility of 3D delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) of the knee at 3.0 T in patients with early stage osteoarthritis. Eur Radiol 2013; 23 (02) 496-504
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 65 Tiderius C, Hori M, Williams A. , et al. dGEMRIC as a function of BMI. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14 (11) 1091-1097
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 66 Crema MD, Hunter DJ, Burstein D. , et al. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of medial tibiofemoral cartilage and its relationship with meniscal pathology: a longitudinal study using 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66 (06) 1517-1524
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 Bron EE, van Tiel J, Smit H. , et al. Image registration improves human knee cartilage T1 mapping with delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC). Eur Radiol 2013; 23 (01) 246-252
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Verschueren J, van Tiel J, Reijman M. , et al. Influence of delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) protocol on T2-mapping: is it possible to comprehensively assess knee cartilage composition in one post-contrast MR examination at 3 Tesla?. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25 (09) 1484-1487
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 69 Cunningham T, Jessel R, Zurakowski D, Millis MB, Kim Y-J. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage to predict early failure of Bernese periacetabular osteotomy for hip dysplasia. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88 (07) 1540-1548
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 70 Schmaranzer F, Haefeli PC, Hanke MS. , et al. How Does the dGEMRIC index change after surgical treatment for FAI? A prospective controlled study: preliminary results. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2017; 475 (04) 1080-1099
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 71 Miese F, Buchbender C, Scherer A. , et al. Molecular imaging of cartilage damage of finger joints in early rheumatoid arthritis with delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis Rheum 2012; 64 (02) 394-399
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 72 Schleich C, Müller-Lutz A, Sewerin P. , et al. Intra-individual assessment of inflammatory severity and cartilage composition of finger joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Skeletal Radiol 2015; 44 (04) 513-518
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 73 van Tiel J, Kotek G, Reijman M. , et al. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the meniscus (dGEMRIM) in patients with knee osteoarthritis: relation with meniscal degeneration on conventional MRI, reproducibility, and correlation with dGEMRIC. Eur Radiol 2014; 24 (09) 2261-2270
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 74 Bostelmann R, Bostelmann T, Nasaca A, Steiger HJ, Zaucke F, Schleich C. Biochemical validity of imaging techniques (X-ray, MRI, and dGEMRIC) in degenerative disc disease of the human cervical spine-an in vivo study. Spine J 2017; 17 (02) 196-202
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 75 Koy T, Zange J, Rittweger J. , et al. Assessment of lumbar intervertebral disc glycosaminoglycan content by gadolinium-enhanced MRI before and after 21-days of head-down-tilt bedrest. PLoS One 2014; 9 (11) e112104
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 76 Ciavarro C, Caiani EG, Brayda-Bruno M. , et al. Mid-term evaluation of the effects of dynamic neutralization system on lumbar intervertebral discs using quantitative molecular MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 35 (05) 1145-1151
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 77 Tiderius CJ, Olsson LE, Leander P, Ekberg O, Dahlberg L. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in early knee osteoarthritis. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49 (03) 488-492
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 78 Kim YJ, Jaramillo D, Millis MB, Gray ML, Burstein D. Assessment of early osteoarthritis in hip dysplasia with delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003; 85-A (10) 1987-1992
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 79 Owman H, Ericsson YB, Englund M. , et al. Association between delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) and joint space narrowing and osteophytes: a cohort study in patients with partial meniscectomy with 11 years of follow-up. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22 (10) 1537-1541
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 80 Williams A, Shetty SK, Burstein D, Day CS, McKenzie C. Delayed gadolinium enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) of the first carpometacarpal (1CMC) joint: a feasibility study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16 (04) 530-532
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 81 Owman H, Tiderius CJ, Ericsson YB, Dahlberg LE. Long-term effect of removal of knee joint loading on cartilage quality evaluated by delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22 (07) 928-932
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 82 Kurkijärvi JE, Mattila L, Ojala RO. , et al. Evaluation of cartilage repair in the distal femur after autologous chondrocyte transplantation using T2 relaxation time and dGEMRIC. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15 (04) 372-378
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 83 Pinker K, Szomolanyi P, Welsch GC. , et al. Longitudinal evaluation of cartilage composition of matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplants with 3-T delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191 (05) 1391-1396
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 84 Akella SV, Regatte RR, Gougoutas AJ. , et al. Proteoglycan-induced changes in T1rho-relaxation of articular cartilage at 4T. Magn Reson Med 2001; 46 (03) 419-423
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 85 Duvvuri U, Reddy R, Patel SD, Kaufman JH, Kneeland JB, Leigh JS. T1rho-relaxation in articular cartilage: effects of enzymatic degradation. Magn Reson Med 1997; 38 (06) 863-867
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 86 Stahl R, Luke A, Li X. , et al. T1rho, T2 and focal knee cartilage abnormalities in physically active and sedentary healthy subjects versus early OA patients—a 3.0-Tesla MRI study. Eur Radiol 2009; 19 (01) 132-143
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 87 Bolbos RI, Link TM, Ma CB, Majumdar S, Li X. T1rho relaxation time of the meniscus and its relationship with T1rho of adjacent cartilage in knees with acute ACL injuries at 3 T. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17 (01) 12-18
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 88 Subburaj K, Valentinitsch A, Dillon AB. , et al. Regional variations in MR relaxation of hip joint cartilage in subjects with and without femoroacetabular impingement. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31 (07) 1129-1136
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 89 Samaan MA, Zhang AL, Gallo MC. , et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance arthrography in patients with femoroacetabular impingement. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44 (06) 1539-1545
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 90 Anwander H, Melkus G, Rakhra KS, Beaulé PE. T1ρ MRI detects cartilage damage in asymptomatic individuals with a cam deformity. J Orthop Res 2016; 34 (06) 1004-1009
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 91 Zaiss M, Bachert P. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and MR Z-spectroscopy in vivo: a review of theoretical approaches and methods. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58 (22) R221-R269
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 92 Müller-Lutz A, Schleich C, Pentang G. , et al. Age-dependency of glycosaminoglycan content in lumbar discs: a 3T gagCEST study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 42 (06) 1517-1523
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 93 Wei W, Lambach B, Jia G, Kaeding C, Flanigan D, Knopp MV. A phase I clinical trial of the knee to assess the correlation of gagCEST MRI, delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage and T2 mapping. Eur J Radiol 2017; 90: 220-224
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 94 Kogan F, Hargreaves BA, Gold GE. Volumetric multislice gagCEST imaging of articular cartilage: optimization and comparison with T1rho. Magn Reson Med 2017; 77 (03) 1134-1141
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 95 Juras V, Winhofer Y, Szomolanyi P. , et al. Multiparametric MR imaging depicts glycosaminoglycan change in the Achilles tendon during ciprofloxacin administration in healthy men: initial observation. Radiology 2015; 275 (03) 763-771
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 96 Singh A, Haris M, Cai K. , et al. Chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging of human knee cartilage at 3 T and 7 T. Magn Reson Med 2012; 68 (02) 588-594
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 97 Wei W, Jia G, Flanigan D, Zhou J, Knopp MV. Chemical exchange saturation transfer MR imaging of articular cartilage glycosaminoglycans at 3 T: accuracy of B0 field inhomogeneity corrections with gradient echo method. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 32 (01) 41-47
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 98 Müller-Lutz A, Schleich C, Schmitt B. , et al. Improvement of gagCEST imaging in the human lumbar intervertebral disc by motion correction. Skeletal Radiol 2015; 44 (04) 505-511
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 99 Lee JS, Parasoglou P, Xia D, Jerschow A, Regatte RR. Uniform magnetization transfer in chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep 2013; 3: 1707
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 100 Müller-Lutz A, Schleich C, Schmitt B. , et al. Gender, BMI and T2 dependencies of glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer in intervertebral discs. Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 34 (03) 271-275
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 101 Schmitt B, Zbýn S, Stelzeneder D. , et al. Cartilage quality assessment by using glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer and (23)Na MR imaging at 7 T. Radiology 2011; 260 (01) 257-264
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 102 Rehnitz C, Kupfer J, Streich NA. , et al. Comparison of biochemical cartilage imaging techniques at 3 T MRI. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22 (10) 1732-1742
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 103 Schreiner MM, Zbýň Š, Schmitt B. , et al. Reproducibility and regional variations of an improved gagCEST protocol for the in vivo evaluation of knee cartilage at 7 T. MAGMA 2016; 29 (03) 513-521
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 104 Koller U, Apprich S, Schmitt B, Windhager R, Trattnig S. Evaluating the cartilage adjacent to the site of repair surgery with glycosaminoglycan-specific magnetic resonance imaging. Int Orthop 2017; 41 (05) 969-974
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 105 Schleich C, Müller-Lutz A, Eichner M. , et al. Glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer of lumbar intervertebral discs in healthy volunteers. Spine 2016; 41 (02) 146-152
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 106 Schleich C, Müller-Lutz A, Blum K. , et al. Facet tropism and facet joint orientation: risk factors for the development of early biochemical alterations of lumbar intervertebral discs. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24 (10) 1761-1768
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 107 Madelin G, Regatte RR. Biomedical applications of sodium MRI in vivo. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 38 (03) 511-529
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 108 Madelin G, Jerschow A, Regatte RR. Sodium relaxation times in the knee joint in vivo at 7T. NMR Biomed 2012; 25 (04) 530-537
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 109 Madelin G, Babb JS, Xia D, Chang G, Jerschow A, Regatte RR. Reproducibility and repeatability of quantitative sodium magnetic resonance imaging in vivo in articular cartilage at 3 T and 7 T. Magn Reson Med 2012; 68 (03) 841-849
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 110 Wheaton AJ, Borthakur A, Shapiro EM. , et al. Proteoglycan loss in human knee cartilage: quantitation with sodium MR imaging—feasibility study. Radiology 2004; 231 (03) 900-905
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 111 Lesperance LM, Gray ML, Burstein D. Determination of fixed charge density in cartilage using nuclear magnetic resonance. J Orthop Res 1992; 10 (01) 1-13
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 112 Zbýň Š, Mlynárik V, Juras V, Szomolanyi P, Trattnig S. Evaluation of cartilage repair and osteoarthritis with sodium MRI. NMR Biomed 2016; 29 (02) 206-215
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 113 Siebelt M, Waarsing JH, Kops N. , et al. Quantifying osteoarthritic cartilage changes accurately using in vivo microCT arthrography in three etiologically distinct rat models. J Orthop Res 2011; 29 (11) 1788-1794
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 114 Siebelt M, van Tiel J, Waarsing JH. , et al. Clinically applied CT arthrography to measure the sulphated glycosaminoglycan content of cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19 (10) 1183-1189
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 115 Hirvasniemi J, Kulmala KAM, Lammentausta E. , et al. In vivo comparison of delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage and delayed quantitative CT arthrography in imaging of articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21 (03) 434-442
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 116 Myller KAH, Turunen MJ, Honkanen JTJ. , et al. In vivo contrast-enhanced cone beam CT provides quantitative information on articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45 (03) 811-818
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 117 van Tiel J, Siebelt M, Waarsing JH. , et al. CT arthrography of the human knee to measure cartilage quality with low radiation dose. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20 (07) 678-685
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 118 van Tiel J, Siebelt M, Reijman M. , et al. Quantitative in vivo CT arthrography of the human osteoarthritic knee to estimate cartilage sulphated glycosaminoglycan content: correlation with ex-vivo reference standards. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24 (06) 1012-1020
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 119 Aula AS, Jurvelin JS, Töyräs J. Simultaneous computed tomography of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17 (12) 1583-1588
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 120 Sudoł-Szopińska I, Schueller-Weidekamm C, Plagou A, Teh J. Ultrasound in arthritis. Radiol Clin North Am 2017; 55 (05) 985-996
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 121 Schueller-Weidekamm C, Schueller G, Aringer M, Weber M, Kainberger F. Impact of sonography in gouty arthritis: comparison with conventional radiography, clinical examination, and laboratory findings. Eur J Radiol 2007; 62 (03) 437-443
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 122 Iagnocco A, Filippucci E, Perella C. , et al. Clinical and ultrasonographic monitoring of response to adalimumab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2008; 35 (01) 35-40
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar