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DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-108573
„Naloxon kann Leben retten!“ – Take-Home-Naloxon-Programme als Prophylaxe tödlicher Drogennotfälle
“Naloxone Can Save Lives!” – Take-Home Naloxone Programs as Prophylaxis of Opiate Overdose FatalitiesPublication History
Publication Date:
26 January 2016 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Der Opiatantagonist Naloxon wird seit über 40 Jahren erfolgreich in der Notfallmedizin eingesetzt, um Auswirkungen von Opiatüberdosierungen, wie z. B. die Atemdepression, innerhalb von wenigen Minuten erfolgreich aufzuheben. Vor dem Hintergrund, dass Überdosierungen in vielen Fällen im privaten Raum im Beisein von anderen Drogengebrauchenden, Familie, Freunden oder Bekannten passieren, entstanden Mitte der 1990er Jahre in den USA die ersten Take-Home-Naloxon-Programme (THN). In diesen wird das Notfallmedikament nach einer Schulung an potentielle Ersthelfende, meist medizinische Laien, abgegeben. Seitdem wurden weltweit in über 20 Ländern THN in unterschiedlichen Modellen, vor unterschiedlichen rechtlichen Hintergründen und durch unterschiedliche Finanzierungen implementiert. Studien zeigen, dass es von medizinischen Laien adäquat und sicher angewendet werden kann. Zudem gibt es erste Hinweise auf einen Zusammenhang von THN und der Reduktion opioidbedingter Drogentodeszahlen. Die Abgabe von Naloxon an Drogengebrauchende und an Personen in ihrem alltäglichen Umfeld wird aufgrund dessen von der WHO und EMCDDA ausdrücklich empfohlen. Die Möglichkeit der Implementierung von THN wird in Deutschland noch wenig wahrgenommen, es gibt bisher nur 2 bekannte Projekte. Eine flächendeckende Versorgung mit Naloxon und besonders die Einführung von THN an konsumbiografischen Schnittstellen, die ein erheblich höheres Überdosierungsrisiko mit sich bringen sowie in mit schadensmindernden Maßnahmen unterversorgten Gebieten mit hohen Drogentodeszahlen sind daher zu empfehlen.
Abstract
Naloxone is an opioid-antagonist that has been used in emergency medical aid since more than 40 years. It reverses the effects of an opioid-overdose, like respiratory depression, within minutes. Since most of the cases of opioid-overdoses occur in private spaces and are witnessed by others (other drug-users, family, friends), the idea of making it accessible for medical lay-persons emerged in the mid-1990s. Since then, in more than 20 countries worldwide community-based opioid overdose prevention programs with naloxone distribution were implemented. Take Home Naloxone Programs (THN) are very divers, they vary a lot in sizes and forms because of different national legal restrictions and fundings. Studies show that lay persons are able to administer naloxone appropriately and savely. Furthermore there are indications for an influence of THN on reductions of opioid-related deaths. Therefore the distribution of naloxone to drug users and their families and peers is strongly recommended by WHO and EMCDDA. To date in Germany there are only two known projects. There is no evidence against the distribution of naloxone to persons at risk of an opioid-overdose or potential witnesses of an overdose. A nationwide coverage and particularly the distribution of naloxone in areas without harm reduction approaches and high rates of overdose deaths is recommended.
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