Download PDF
J Am Acad Audiol 2021; 32(03): 195-210
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1722989
Review Article

Auditory Hallucinations: An Audiological Horizon?

Frank E. Musiek
1   Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
,
Sarah Morris
1   Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
,
Kayla Ichiba
1   Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
,
Liza Clark
1   Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
,
Alyssa J. Davidson 
2   Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
› Author Affiliations Funding This research was in-part funded by the Royal Arch Research Assistance (RARA, F.M.).
› Further Information
Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Background Interesting data and theories have emerged regarding auditory hallucinations (AHs) in patients with schizophrenia. The possibility that these patients may have changes in the anatomy of the auditory cortex and/or subcortical structures of the central auditory nervous system and present with deficits on audiological tests is important information to the audiology community. However, it seems clear that, in general, audiologists are not sufficiently aware of these findings.

Purpose There are two main purposes of this article: (1) to educate audiologists about AHs related to schizophrenia and related issues, and (2) to encourage audiologists and hearing scientists to become involved in the evaluation and research of AHs. This fascinating disorder is one in which audiologists/hearing scientists are well suited to make a significant contribution.

Research Design A review and synthesis of the literature was conducted. Relevant literature was identified through PubMed, Google Scholar, as well as independent book chapters and article searches. Keywords driving the searches were AHs, auditory illusions, verbal and musical hallucinations, schizophrenia, and central auditory disorders. Given the currency of the topic, the information collected was primarily between 1990 and 2020.

Study Sample The review is organized around categorization, prevalence, models, mechanisms, anatomy, pathophysiology, and audiological correlates related to AHs.

Data Collection and Analysis Searches were conducted using well-known search engines and manual searches by each author. This information on AHs was then analyzed collectively by the authors for useful background and relevance, as well as important for the field of audiology.

Results Several anatomical, physiological, and functional imaging studies have shown compromise of the auditory cortex in those with schizophrenia and AHs. Potentially related to this, are studies that demonstrated sub-par performance on behavioral audiologic measures for this unique clinical population. These findings align well with the kind of hearing disorder for which audiologists are well-trained to make significant contributions.

Conclusion Neurobiological and audiological evidence is accumulating on patients with schizophrenia and AH potentially rendering it as both an auditory and psychiatric disorder. Audiologists should consider expanding their horizon and playing a role in the clinical investigation of this disorder.

Keywords

auditory hallucination - auditory illusion - verbal hallucination - musical hallucination - schizophrenia - central auditory disorder


Publication History

Received: 15 April 2020

Accepted: 14 August 2020

Article published online:
01 June 2021

© 2021. American Academy of Audiology. This article is published by Thieme.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Barkhuizen W, Pain O, Dudbridge F, Ronald A. Genetic overlap between psychotic experiences in the community across age and with psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10 (01) 86
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Linszen MMJ, van Zanten GA, Teunisse RJ, Brouwer RM, Scheltens P, Sommer IE. Auditory hallucinations in adults with hearing impairment: a large prevalence study. Psychol Med 2019; 49 (01) 132-139
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Brasic JR, Perry R. Unilateral auditory hallucinations in a boy with ipsilateral conductive hearing loss. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 62 (03) 302
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Iliadou V, Moschopoulos N, Sidiras C, Eleftheriadou A, Nimatoudis I. Over-diagnosis of cognitive deficits in psychiatric patients may be the result of not controlling for hearing sensitivity and auditory processing. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; a 72 (09) 742-742
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Moschopoulos NP, Nimatoudis I, Kaprinis S, Iliadou V. Behavioral assessment of auditory processing deficits in schizophrenia: literature review and suggestions for future research. Scand J Psychol 2019; 60 (02) 116-127
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Nazimek JM, Hunter MD, Woodruff PWR. Auditory hallucinations: expectation-perception model. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78 (06) 802-810
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Bentall RP. The illusion of reality: a review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations. Psychol Bull 1990; 107 (01) 82-95
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Evers S, Ellger T. The clinical spectrum of musical hallucinations. J Neurol Sci 2004; 227 (01) 55-65
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Johns LC, Hemsley D, Kuipers E. A comparison of auditory hallucinations in a psychiatric and non-psychiatric group. Br J Clin Psychol 2002; 41 (Pt 1): 81-86
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Thomas P, Mathur P, Gottesman II, Nagpal R, Nimgaonkar VL, Deshpande SN. Correlates of hallucinations in schizophrenia: a cross-cultural evaluation. Schizophr Res 2007; 92 (1-3): 41-49
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 McCarthy-Jones S, Thomas N, Strauss C. et al. Better than mermaids and stray dogs? Subtyping auditory verbal hallucinations and its implications for research and practice. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40 (Suppl. 04) S275-S284
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Slotema CW, Daalman K, Blom JD, Diederen KM, Hoek HW, Sommer IEC. Auditory verbal hallucinations in patients with borderline personality disorder are similar to those in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2012; 42 (09) 1873-1878
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Posey TB, Losch ME. Auditory hallucinations of hearing voices in 375 normal subjects. Imagin Cogn Pers 1983; 3 (02) 99-113
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Choong C, Hunter MD, Woodruff PWR. Auditory hallucinations in those populations that do not suffer from schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007; 9 (03) 206-212
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Newton E, Larkin M, Melhuish R, Wykes T. More than just a place to talk: young people's experiences of group psychological therapy as an early intervention for auditory hallucinations. Psychol Psychother 2007; 80 (Pt 1): 127-149
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Musiek F, Ballingham TM, Liu B. et al. Auditory hallucinations: an audiological perspective. Hear J 2007; 60 (09) 32-35
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Ross ED, Jossman PB, Bell B, Sabin T, Geschwind N. Muscial hallucinations in deafness. JAMA 1975; 231 (06) 620-622
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Hammeke TA, McQuillen MP, Cohen BA. Musical hallucinations associated with acquired deafness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46 (06) 570-572
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Cole MG, Dowson L, Dendukuri N, Belzile E. The prevalence and phenomenology of auditory hallucinations among elderly subjects attending an audiology clinic. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17 (05) 444-452
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Harada S, Okazaki Y. A new cognitive therapy for auditory hallucinations and delusions: development of a guide for psychotic patients and their family members. In: Mizuno m, Falloon IRH, Kashima H, Asai M. eds. Comprehensive Treatment of Schizophrenia. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 2002: 367-372
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Hunter MD, Woodruff PW. Characteristics of functional auditory hallucinations. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161 (05) 923-923
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Stephane M, Thuras P, Nasrallah H, Georgopoulos AP. The internal structure of the phenomenology of auditory verbal hallucinations. Schizophr Res 2003; 61 (2-3): 185-193
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Penfield W, Perot P. The brain's record of auditory and visual experience: a final summary and discussion. Brain 1963; 86 (04) 595-696
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Woodward TS, Jung K, Hwang H. et al. Symptom dimensions of the psychotic symptom rating scales in psychosis: a multisite study. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40 (Suppl. 04) S265-S274
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Blom JD. Hallucinations and other sensory deceptions in psychiatric disorders. In: Jardi, Cachia, Thomas, Pin. eds. The Neuroscience of Hallucinations. New York, NY: Springer; 2012: 43-57
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 26 Remschmidt H. Early-onset schizophrenia as a progressive-deteriorating developmental disorder: evidence from child psychiatry. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2002; 109 (01) 101-117
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 van Os J, Linscott RJ, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P, Krabbendam L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychol Med 2009; 39 (02) 179-195
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Beavan V, Read J, Cartwright C. The prevalence of voice-hearers in the general population: a literature review. J Ment Health 2011; 20 (03) 281-292
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Tien AY. Distributions of hallucinations in the population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1991; 26 (06) 287-292
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Bartels-Velthuis AA, van de Willige G, Jenner JA, van Os J, Wiersma D. Course of auditory vocal hallucinations in childhood: 5-year follow-up study. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 199 (04) 296-302
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 Linscott RJ, van Os J. An updated and conservative systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence on psychotic experiences in children and adults: on the pathway from proneness to persistence to dimensional expression across mental disorders. Psychol Med 2013; 43 (06) 1133-1149
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 Lim A, Hoek HW, Deen ML, Blom JD. GROUP Investigators. Prevalence and classification of hallucinations in multiple sensory modalities in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2016; 176 (2-3): 493-499
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Cohen CI, Izediuno I, Yadack AM, Ghosh B, Garrett M. Characteristics of auditory hallucinations and associated factors in older adults with schizophrenia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 22 (05) 442-449
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Iliadou V, Moschopoulos N, Sidiras C, Eleftheriadou A, Nimatoudis I. Inaccurately measured poorer cognition as a result of an auditory deficit. J Psychol Psychiatr 2018; b 2: 1-6
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Sartorius N, Jablensky A, Korten A. et al. Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. A preliminary report on the initial evaluation phase of the WHO Collaborative Study on determinants of outcome of severe mental disorders. Psychol Med 1986; 16 (04) 909-928
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Jain S. Auditory musical hallucinations: when a patient complains, 'I hear a symphony!'. Curr Psychiatr 2013; 12 (11) 55-56
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 37 Toh WL, Thomas N, Rossell SL. Auditory verbal hallucinations in bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD): a systematic review. J Affect Disord 2015; 184: 18-28
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Jones SR. Do we need multiple models of auditory verbal hallucinations? Examining the phenomenological fit of cognitive and neurological models. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36 (03) 566-575
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Frith CD. Consciousness, information processing and the brain. J Psychopharmacol 1992; 6 (03) 436-440
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Frith CD, Done DJ. Towards a neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1988; 153 (04) 437-443
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Waters F, Allen P, Aleman A. et al. Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and nonschizophrenia populations: a review and integrated model of cognitive mechanisms. Schizophr Bull 2012; 38 (04) 683-693
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Aleman A, Larai F. Hallucinations. The Science of Idiosyncratic Perception. New York, NY: American Psychological Association; 2008
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Moseley P, Fernyhough C, Ellison A. Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37 (10 Pt 2): 2794-2805
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 El Haj M, Jardri R, Larøi F, Antoine P. Hallucinations, loneliness, and social isolation in Alzheimer's disease. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2016; 21 (01) 1-13
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Müller-Preuss P, Ploog D. Inhibition of auditory cortical neurons during phonation. Brain Res 1981; 215 (1-2): 61-76
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 Shergill SS, Brammer MJ, Williams SC, Murray RM, McGuire PK. Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57 (11) 1033-1038
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 47 Cho R, Wu W. Is inner speech the basis of auditory verbal hallucination in schizophrenia?. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5: 75
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 McGuire PK, Shah GM, Murray RM. Increased blood flow in Broca's area during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Lancet 1993; 342 (8873): 703-706
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 49 Hoffman RE, Hampson M. Functional connectivity studies of patients with auditory verbal hallucinations. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6 (06) 6
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Blom JD. Auditory hallucinations. Handb Clin Neurol 2015; 129: 433-455
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 Highley JR, McDonald B, Walker MA, Esiri MM, Crow TJ. Schizophrenia and temporal lobe asymmetry. A post-mortem stereological study of tissue volume. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175: 127-134
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Ford JM, Roach BJ, Mathalon DH. Assessing corollary discharge in humans using noninvasive neurophysiological methods. Nat Protoc 2010; 5 (06) 1160-1168
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 van Lutterveld R, Ford JM. Neurophysiological Research: EEG and MEG. Hallucinations. New York: Springer; 2012
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 54 Cassidy CM, Balsam PD, Weinstein JJ. et al. A perceptual inference mechanism for hallucinations linked to striatal dopamine. Curr Biol 2018; 28 (04) 503-514.e4
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 55 Jirsa VK, McIntosh AR. Handbook of Brain Connectivity. Springer; 2007
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 56 Alderson-Day B, McCarthy-Jones S, Fernyhough C. Hearing voices in the resting brain: a review of intrinsic functional connectivity research on auditory verbal hallucinations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55: 78-87
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 57 Chun S, Westmoreland JJ, Bayazitov IT. et al. Specific disruption of thalamic inputs to the auditory cortex in schizophrenia models. Science 2014; 344 (6188): 1178-1182
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 58 Lawrie SM, Buechel C, Whalley HC, Frith CD, Friston KJ, Johnstone EC. Reduced frontotemporal functional connectivity in schizophrenia associated with auditory hallucinations. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51 (12) 1008-1011
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 59 Shinn AK, Baker JT, Cohen BM, Ongür D. Functional connectivity of left Heschl's gyrus in vulnerability to auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013; 143 (2-3): 260-268
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 60 Ćurčić-Blake B, Nanetti L, van der Meer L. et al. Not on speaking terms: hallucinations and structural network disconnectivity in schizophrenia. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 220 (01) 407-418
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 61 Rotarska-Jagiela A, Oertel-Knoechel V, DeMartino F. et al. Anatomical brain connectivity and positive symptoms of schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychiatry Res 2009; 174 (01) 9-16
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 62 Gavrilescu M, Rossell S, Stuart GW. et al. Reduced connectivity of the auditory cortex in patients with auditory hallucinations: a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychol Med 2010; 40 (07) 1149-1158
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 63 Mulert C, Kirsch V, Whitford TJ. et al. Hearing voices: a role of interhemispheric auditory connectivity?. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012; 13 (02) 153-158
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 64 Knöchel C, Oertel-Knöchel V, Schönmeyer R. et al. Interhemispheric hypoconnectivity in schizophrenia: fiber integrity and volume differences of the corpus callosum in patients and unaffected relatives. Neuroimage 2012; 59 (02) 926-934
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 65 Musiek F, Baran J. The Auditory System. San Diego: Plural Publishing; 2017
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 66 Chang X, Xi YB, Cui LB. et al. Distinct inter-hemispheric dysconnectivity in schizophrenia patients with and without auditory verbal hallucinations. Sci Rep 2015; 5: 11218
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 67 Bogerts B, Ashtari M, Degreef G, Alvir JMJ, Bilder RM, Lieberman JA. Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1990; 35 (01) 1-13
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 68 Torii Y, Iritani S, Sekiguchi H. et al. Effects of aging on the morphologies of Heschl's gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia: a postmortem study. Schizophr Res 2012; 134 (2-3): 137-142
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 69 Barta PE, Pearlson GD, Powers RE, Richards SS, Tune LE. Auditory hallucinations and smaller superior temporal gyral volume in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147 (11) 1457-1462
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 70 Hirayasu Y, McCarley RW, Salisbury DF. et al. Planum temporale and Heschl gyrus volume reduction in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study of first-episode patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57 (07) 692-699
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 71 Gaser C, Nenadic I, Volz HP, Büchel C, Sauer H. Neuroanatomy of “hearing voices”: a frontotemporal brain structural abnormality associated with auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 2004; 14 (01) 91-96
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 72 Mørch-Johnsen L, Nesvåg R, Jørgensen KN. et al. Auditory cortex characteristics in schizophrenia: associations with auditory hallucinations. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43 (01) 75-83
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 73 Cui Y, Liu B, Song M. et al. Auditory verbal hallucinations are related to cortical thinning in the left middle temporal gyrus of patients with schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2018; 48 (01) 115-122
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 74 Bamiou DE, Musiek FE, Stow I. et al. Auditory temporal processing deficits in patients with insular stroke. Neurology 2006; 67 (04) 614-619
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 75 Jardri R, Pouchet A, Pins D, Thomas P. Cortical activations during auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: a coordinate-based meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168 (01) 73-81
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 76 Dierks T, Linden DE, Jandl M. et al. Activation of Heschl's gyrus during auditory hallucinations. Neuron 1999; 22 (03) 615-621
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 77 Alonso-Solís A, Vives-Gilabert Y, Portella MJ. et al. Altered amplitude of low frequency fluctuations in schizophrenia patients with persistent auditory verbal hallucinations. Schizophr Res 2017; 189: 97-103
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 78 Cierpka M, Wolf ND, Kubera KM. et al. Cerebellar contributions to persistent auditory verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia. Cerebellum 2017; 16 (5-6): 964-972
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 79 Escartí MJ, de la Iglesia-Vayá M, Martí-Bonmatí L. et al. Increased amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus activation in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations: an fMRI study using independent component analysis. Schizophr Res 2010; 117 (01) 31-41
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 80 Zhuo C, Wang C, Wang L. et al. Altered resting-state functional connectivity of the cerebellum in schizophrenia. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 12 (02) 383-389
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 81 McCarthy-Jones S, Oestreich LK, Whitford TJ, Whitford TJ. Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank. Reduced integrity of the left arcuate fasciculus is specifically associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 162 (1-3): 1-6
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 82 Oestreich LK, Pasternak O, Shenton ME. et al; Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank. Abnormal white matter microstructure and increased extracellular free-water in the cingulum bundle associated with delusions in chronic schizophrenia. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12: 405-414
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 83 Psomiades M, Fonteneau C, Mondino M. et al. Integrity of the arcuate fasciculus in patients with schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations: a DTI-tractography study. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12: 970-975
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 84 de Weijer AD, Neggers SF, Diederen KM. et al. Aberrations in the arcuate fasciculus are associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in psychotic and in non-psychotic individuals. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 34 (03) 626-634
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 85 Wigand M, Kubicki M, Clemm von Hohenberg C. et al. Auditory verbal hallucinations and the interhemispheric auditory pathway in chronic schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015; 16 (01) 31-44
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 86 Agartz I, Andersson JL, Skare S. Abnormal brain white matter in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroreport 2001; 12 (10) 2251-2254
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 87 Rotarska-Jagiela A, Schönmeyer R, Oertel V, Haenschel C, Vogeley K, Linden DE. The corpus callosum in schizophrenia-volume and connectivity changes affect specific regions. Neuroimage 2008; 39 (04) 1522-1532
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 88 Baurier VO, Tuca JO. Auditory hallucinosis in brainstem lesions and musical hallucination in deafness. Analogies and differences. Eur J Neurol 1996; 3 (03) 203-211
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 89 Lampl Y, Lorberboym M, Gilad R, Boaz M, Sadeh M. Auditory hallucinations in acute stroke. Behav Neurol 2005; 16 (04) 211-216
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 90 Douen AG, Bourque PR. Musical auditory hallucinosis from Listeria rhombencephalitis. Can J Neurol Sci 1997; 24 (01) 70-72
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 91 Golden EC, Josephs KA. Minds on replay: musical hallucinations and their relationship to neurological disease. Brain 2015; 138 (Pt 12): 3793-3802
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 92 Musiek FE, Lee WW. Neuroanatomical correlates to central deafness. Scand Audiol Suppl 1998; 49 (04) 18-25
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 93 Serino A, Heydrich L, Kurian M, Spinelli L, Seeck M, Blanke O. Auditory verbal hallucinations of epileptic origin. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 31: 181-186
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 94 Roberts DL, Tatini U, Zimmerman RS, Bortz JJ, Sirven JI. Musical hallucinations associated with seizures originating from an intracranial aneurysm. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76 (04) 423-426
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 95 Braun CM, Dumont M, Duval J, Hamel-Hébert I, Godbout L. Brain modules of hallucination: an analysis of multiple patients with brain lesions. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2003; 28 (06) 432-449
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 96 Dobry Y, Novakovic V, Barkin RL, Sundaram VK. Management of auditory hallucinations as a sequela of traumatic brain injury: a case report and a relevant literature review. Am J Ther 2014; 21 (01) e1-e6
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 97 de Maindreville AD, Fénelon G, Mahieux F. Hallucinations in Parkinson's disease: a follow-up study. Mov Disord 2005; 20 (02) 212-217
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 98 Marneros A, Beyenburg S, Berghaus A. Unilateral hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms due to otosclerosis. Psychopathology 1997; 30 (02) 89-92
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 99 Eggermont JJ. Acquired hearing loss and brain plasticity. Hear Res 2017; 343: 176-190
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 100 Musiek FE, Lee WW. The auditory brain stem response in patients with brain stem or cochlear pathology. Ear Hear 1995; 16 (06) 631-636
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 101 Igata M, Ohta M, Hayashida Y, Abe K. Missing peaks in auditory brainstem responses and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1994; 48 (03) 571-578
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 102 Tarasenko MA, Swerdlow NR, Makeig S, Braff DL, Light GA. The auditory brain-stem response to complex sounds: a potential biomarker for guiding treatment of psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5: 142
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 103 Nam EC. Is it necessary to differentiate tinnitus from auditory hallucination in schizophrenic patients?. J Laryngol Otol 2005; 119 (05) 352-355
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 104 Lindstrom L, Klockhoff I, Svedberg A, Bergstrom K. Abnormal auditory brain-stem responses in hallucinating schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 151 (01) 9-14
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 105 McKay CM, Headlam DM, Copolov DL. Central auditory processing in patients with auditory hallucinations. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157 (05) 759-766
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 106 Rance G. Auditory Stead-State Response: Generation, Recording, and Clinical Applications. San Diego: Plural Publishing; 2008
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 107 Sivarao DV. The 40-Hz auditory steady-state response: a selective biomarker for cortical NMDA function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1344 (01) 27-36
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 108 Ying J, Yan Z, Gao XR. 40 Hz auditory steady state response to linguistic features of stimuli during auditory hallucinations. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2013; 33 (05) 748-753
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 109 Ying J, Zhou D, Lin K, Gao X. Network analysis of functional brain connectivity driven by gamma-band auditory steady-state response in auditory hallucinations. J Med Biol Eng 2015; 35 (01) 45-51
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 110 Veuillet E, Georgieff N, Philibert B, Dalery J, Marie-Cardine M, Collet L. Abnormal peripheral auditory asymmetry in schizophrenia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 70 (01) 88-94
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 111 Abdul Wahab NA, Wahab S, Abdul Rahman AH, Sidek D, Zakaria MN. The hyperactivity of efferent auditory system in patients with schizophrenia: a transient evoked otoacoustic emissions study. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13 (01) 82-88
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 112 Musiek F, Nagle S. The middle latency response: a review of findings in various central nervous system lesions. J Am Acad Audiol 2018; 29 (09) 855-867
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 113 Leavitt VM, Molholm S, Ritter W, Shpaner M, Foxe JJ. Auditory processing in schizophrenia during the middle latency period (10-50 ms): high-density electrical mapping and source analysis reveal subcortical antecedents to early cortical deficits. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2007; 32 (05) 339-353
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 114 Roemer RA, Shagass C, Straumanis JJ, Amadeo M. Somatosensory and auditory evoked potential studies of functional differences between the cerebral hemispheres in psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 1979; 14 (02) 357-373
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 115 Picton T. Human Auditory Evoked Potentials. San Diego: Plural Publishing; 2011
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 116 Hubl D, Koenig T, Strik WK, Garcia LM, Dierks T. Competition for neuronal resources: how hallucinations make themselves heard. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 190 (01) 57-62
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 117 Salisbury DF, Collins KC, McCarley RW. Reductions in the N1 and P2 auditory event-related potentials in first-hospitalized and chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36 (05) 991-1000
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 118 Brown AS, Schaefer CA, Wyatt RJ. et al. Paternal age and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159 (09) 1528-1533
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 119 O'Donnell BF, Hokama H, McCarley RW. et al. Auditory ERPs to non-target stimuli in schizophrenia: relationship to probability, task-demands, and target ERPs. Int J Psychophysiol 1994; 17 (03) 219-231
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 120 O'Donnell BF, Vohs JL, Hetrick WP, Carroll CA, Shekhar A. Auditory event-related potential abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 2004; 53 (01) 45-55
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 121 Erickson MA, Ruffle A, Gold JM. A meta-analysis of mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: from clinical risk to disease specificity and progression. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79 (12) 980-987
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 122 Fisher DJ, Labelle A, Knott VJ. Alterations of mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations experiencing acute exacerbation of illness. Schizophr Res 2012; 139 (1-3): 237-245
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 123 Shelley AM, Ward PB, Catts SV, Michie PT, Andrews S, McConaghy N. Mismatch negativity: an index of a preattentive processing deficit in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1991; 30 (10) 1059-1062
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 124 Fisher DJ, Labelle A, Knott VJ. The right profile: mismatch negativity in schizophrenia with and without auditory hallucinations as measured by a multi-feature paradigm. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119 (04) 909-921
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 125 Javitt DC. Neurophysiological approaches to analyzing brain dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Ann 1993; 23 (03) 144-150
    CrossrefSearch in Google Scholar
  • 126 Michie PT. What has MMN revealed about the auditory system in schizophrenia?. Int J Psychophysiol 2001; 42 (02) 177-194
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 127 Todd J, Michie PT, Schall U, Karayanidis F, Yabe H, Näätänen R. Deviant matters: duration, frequency, and intensity deviants reveal different patterns of mismatch negativity reduction in early and late schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63 (01) 58-64
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 128 Youn T, Ahn KH, Pae JS, Kim MS, Kim JJ, Kwon JS. Effect of ketamine on the echoic memory process: the mismatch negativity and glutamate receptor system in schizophrenia. Korean J Psychopharmacol 2001; 12 (04) 322
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 129 Erickson MA, Albrecht M, Ruffle A, Fleming L, Corlett P, Gold J. No association between symptom severity and MMN impairment in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic approach. Schizophr Res Cogn 2017; 9: 13-17
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 130 Lee M, Sehatpour P, Hoptman M. et al. Neural mechanisms of mismatch negativity dysfunction in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22: 1585-1593
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 131 Xiong YB, Bo QJ, Wang CM, Tian Q, Liu Y, Wang CY. Differential of frequency and duration mismatch negativity and theta power deficits in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13: 37
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 132 Fisher DJ, Grant B, Smith DM, Borracci G, Labelle A, Knott VJ. Effects of auditory hallucinations on the mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia as measured by a modified 'optimal' multi-feature paradigm. Int J Psychophysiol 2011; 81 (03) 245-251
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 133 Perrin MA, Kantrowitz JT, Silipo G, Dias E, Jabado O, Javitt DC. Mismatch negativity (MMN) to spatial deviants and behavioral spatial discrimination ability in the etiology of auditory verbal hallucinations and thought disorder in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 191: 140-147
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 134 Näätänen R, Kähkönen S. Central auditory dysfunction in schizophrenia as revealed by the mismatch negativity (MMN) and its magnetic equivalent MMNm: a review. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12 (01) 125-135
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 135 Hall JW. New Handbook of Auditory Evoked Responses. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 2006
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 136 Jeon YW, Polich J. Meta-analysis of P300 and schizophrenia: patients, paradigms, and practical implications. Psychophysiology 2003; 40 (05) 684-701
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 137 Havermans R, Honig A, Vuurman EF. et al. A controlled study of temporal lobe structure volumes and P300 responses in schizophrenic patients with persistent auditory hallucinations. Schizophr Res 1999; 38 (2-3): 151-158
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 138 Fisher DJ, Labelle A, Knott VJ. Auditory hallucinations and the P3a: attention-switching to speech in schizophrenia. Biol Psychol 2010; 85 (03) 417-423
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 139 Papageorgiou C, Oulis P, Vasios C. et al. P300 alterations in schizophrenic patients experiencing auditory hallucinations. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 14 (03) 227-236
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 140 Turetsky BI, Colbath EA, Gur RE. P300 subcomponent abnormalities in schizophrenia: I. Physiological evidence for gender and subtype specific differences in regional pathology. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43 (02) 84-96
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 141 Eikmeier G, Lodemann E, Zerbin D, Gastpar M. P300, clinical symptoms, and neuropsychological parameters in acute and remitted schizophrenia: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 31 (10) 1065-1069
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 142 Mathalon DH, Ford JM. The long and the short of it: influence of interstimulus interval on auditory P300 abnormalities in schizophrenia. Clin Electroencephalogr 2002; 33 (03) 125-135
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 143 Musiek FE, Baran JA, Pinheiro ML. P300 results in patients with lesions of the auditory areas of the cerebrum. J Am Acad Audiol 1992; 3 (01) 5-15
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 144 Musiek FE, Chermak GD. Auditory Neuroscience and Central Auditory Processing Disorder: An Overview. Handbook of Central Auditory Processing Disorder. San Diego: Plural; 2014. , pp. 3-15
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 145 Willeford J, Billger J. Auditory Perception in children with learning disabilities. In: Katz J. ed. Handbook of Clinical Audiology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Company; 1978
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 146 Iliadou VV, Apalla K, Kaprinis S, Nimatoudis I, Kaprinis G, Iacovides A. Is central auditory processing disorder present in psychosis?. Am J Audiol 2013; 22 (02) 201-208
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 147 Pinheiro ML, Musiek FE. Sequencing and temporal ordering in the auditory system. Assessment of central auditory dysfunction. In: Pinheiro ML, Musiek FE. eds. Assessment of Central Auditory Dysfunction: Foundations Clinical Correlates. Baltimore: William and Wilkins; 1985: 219-238
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 148 Speaks C, Niccum N, Carney E. Statistical properties of responses to dichotic listening with CV nonsense syllables. J Acoust Soc Am 1982; 72 (04) 1185-1194
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 149 Hugdahl K, Westerhausen R, Alho K, Medvedev S, Laine M, Hämäläinen H. Attention and cognitive control: unfolding the dichotic listening story. Scand J Psychol 2009; 50 (01) 11-22
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 150 Løberg EM, Hugdahl K, Green MF. Hemispheric asymmetry in schizophrenia: a “dual deficits” model. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45 (01) 76-81
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 151 Green MF, Hugdahl K, Mitchell S. Dichotic listening during auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151 (03) 357-362
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 152 Løberg EM, Jørgensen HA, Hugdahl K. Dichotic listening in schizophrenic patients: effects of previous vs. ongoing auditory hallucinations. Psychiatry Res 2004; 128 (02) 167-174
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 153 Conn R, Posey TB. Dichotic listening in college students who report auditory hallucinations. J Abnorm Psychol 2000; 109 (03) 546-549
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 154 Hugdahl K, Løberg EM, Specht K, Steen VM, van Wageningen H, Jørgensen HA. Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: the role of cognitive, brain structural and genetic disturbances in the left temporal lobe. Front Hum Neurosci 2008; 1: 6
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 155 Hugdahl K, Løberg EM, Falkenberg LE. et al. Auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia as aberrant lateralized speech perception: evidence from dichotic listening. Schizophr Res 2012; 140 (1-3): 59-64
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 156 Lee SH, Chung YC, Yang JC, Kim YK, Suh KY. Abnormal speech perception in schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2004; 16 (03) 154-159
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 157 Abdul Wahab NA, Zakaria MN, Abdul Rahman AH, Sidek D, Wahab S. Listening to sentences in noise: revealing binaural hearing challenges in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14 (06) 786-794
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 158 Musiek FE, Shinn JB, Jirsa R, Bamiou DE, Baran JA, Zaida E. GIN (Gaps-In-Noise) test performance in subjects with confirmed central auditory nervous system involvement. Ear Hear 2005; 26 (06) 608-618
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 159 Stevenson RA, Park S, Cochran C. et al. The associations between multisensory temporal processing and symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 179: 97-103
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 160 Musiek F, Chermak G. Psychophysical and behavioral peripheral and central auditory tests. In: Aminoff MJ, Boller F, Swaab DF. eds. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2015: 313-332
    Search in Google Scholar