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Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47(03): 295-307
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725063
Review Article

Circulating Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Biomarkers in Health and Disease

Antonio Junior Lepedda
1   Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
,
Gabriele Nieddu
1   Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
,
Zoi Piperigkou
2   Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
3   Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
,
Konstantina Kyriakopoulou
2   Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
3   Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
,
Nikolaos Karamanos
2   Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
3   Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
,
Marilena Formato
1   Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Abstract

Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play key roles in regulating cell behavior, cell signaling, and cell matrix interactions in both physiological and pathological conditions. Their soluble forms from glycocalyx shedding are not merely waste products, but, rather, bioactive molecules, detectable in serum, which may be useful as diagnostic and prognostic markers. In addition, as in the case of glypican-3 in hepatocellular carcinoma, they may be specifically expressed by pathological tissue, representing promising targets for immunotherapy. The primary goal of this comprehensive review is to critically survey the main findings of the clinical data from the last 20 years and provide readers with an overall picture of the diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating HSPGs. Moreover, issues related to the involvement of HSPGs in various pathologies, including cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, diabetes and obesity, kidney disease, cancer, trauma, sepsis, but also multiple sclerosis, preeclampsia, pathologies requiring surgery, pulmonary disease, and others will be discussed.

Keywords

syndecans - glypicans - glycocalyx shedding - circulating HSPGs - disease biomarkers

Supplementary Material



Publication History

Article published online:
01 April 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

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