Introduction
Acinar cell carcinoma is a rare pancreatic cancer that accounts for less than 1 % of all pancreatic cancers [1 ] with a better prognosis compared with the more common pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma at the same stage [2 ]
[3 ].
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has become one of the most popular assessment tools for pancreatic lesions. Although many reports on EUS elastography and contrast-enhanced EUS in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma have been published, there have only been a few reports with regard to EUS findings, especially those of contrast-enhanced EUS, in pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma [4 ]. Here, we report the combined features of both EUS elastography and contrast-enhanced EUS with special emphasis on the interpretation of pathological findings.
Case series
We performed a retrospective review of five patients diagnosed with pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma who underwent EUS examinations before surgical resection. EUS elastography was performed in four patients and contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS (CH-EUS) was performed in all five patients using Sonazoid® (16 µL as perfluorobutane, Daiichi Sankyo, Tokyo, Japan) as the contrast agent. The EUS elastography was interpreted via pattern recognition according to the report from Giovannini et al. [5 ] which classified the elastography pattern into five elastic scores: score 1, homogeneously soft tissue; score 2, heterogeneously soft tissue; score 3, distortion at the edge of the area with minimal heterogeneity that represents small adenocarcinoma; score 4, hypoechoic region in the center surrounded by harder tissue; and score 5, heterogeneously hard tissue that represents advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
The resected surgical specimens were evaluated. The amount of vascular components was evaluated by counting the number of small arteries within 20 high power fields (HPF, × 200), with an average of 3 – 5 vessels per HPF in normal pancreatic tissue. The fibrosis was quantitatively assessed by the type of fibrosis (e. g., hyalinizing fibrosis), and qualitatively assessed by estimating the percentage of the fibrosis area and classified as normal (0 – 10 %), mild (10 – 40 %), moderate (40 – 80 %), or severe (80 – 100 %).
Results
The tumor characteristics and EUS B-mode (brightness mode) findings are presented in [Table 1 ]. Acinar cell carcinoma was diagnosed in all patients, and one had acinar cell carcinoma with a mucinous carcinoma component. The EUS elastography and CH-EUS findings in each patient are listed in [Table 2 ]. The EUS B-mode image, EUS elastography image, and CH-EUS of patients with elastic scores of 3 and 5 are shown in [Fig. 1 ] and [Fig. 2 ], respectively.
Table 1
Characteristics and pathological findings of acinar cell carcinoma.
Patient 1
Patient 2
Patient 3
Patient 4
Patient 5
Size, cm
7
2
4
2.5
3.5
Location (pancreas)
Head
Head
Head
Tail
Body
EUS echogenicity
Slightly hyperechoic
Hypoechoic
Isoechoic
Hypoechoic
Hypoechoic
Pancreatic duct dilation
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Calcification
No
No
No
No
Yes
Cystic component
Yes
No
No
No
No
Histology
Acinar cell carcinoma with a mucinous carcinoma component
Acinar cell carcinoma
Acinar cell carcinoma
Acinar cell carcinoma
Acinar cell carcinoma
Additional histological findings
ns
Intraductal component
ns
Hyalinization
Ossification
Invasive component
Massive
Minimal
Massive
Minimal
Minimal
Fibrosis grade[1 ]
Mild
Normal
Mild
Moderate
Mild
Fibrosis area
20 %
5 %
20 %
65 %
30 %
Hyalinizing fibrosis
None
None
Partially +
Diffuse +
None
Vasculature[2 ]
8[3 ]
1
3
1
2
EUS, endoscopic ultrasound; ns, non-specific.
1 Fibrosis grade: normal 0 – 10 %, mild 10 – 40 %, moderate 40 – 80 %, or severe 80 – 100 %.
2 Number of small arteries in 20 high power fields.
3 Area calculated included the peripancreatic vessels involved by the tumor.
Table 2
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) elastography of acinar cell carcinoma analyzed using elastic score and contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS.
Patient 1
Patient 2
Patient 3
Patient 4
Patient 5
Elastography pattern
Score 3
Score 3
Score 5
Score 5
Not performed
Contrast enhanced harmonic EUS
Slightly decreased enhancement at 1 min, followed by a continuously increasing enhancement at 3 to 5 min
Uniformly increasing enhancement
Strong continuous enhancement
Early enhancement within 1 min, followed by washout to hypovascular
Early enhancement, followed by gradual decrease after 1 min
Fig. 1 EUS B-mode image (a ), EUS elastography, and contrast-enhanced EUS of a patient with an elastic score of 3 (patient number 2). Using EUS elastography (b ), the lesion exhibits harder tissue (blue color) than the surrounding tissue. The borders of the lesion exhibit a red color (soft) in the elastography, which is correlated with minimal tumor invasion of the surrounding tissue via histology. The contrast-enhanced EUS study indicated a uniform increased enhancement at 1 minute (c ), 3 minutes (d ) and 5 minutes (e ) in the contrast-enhanced harmonic mode. The histological results (f ) indicated acinar cell carcinoma with an intraductal component. The fibrosis was minimal.
Fig. 2 EUS B-mode image (a ), EUS elastography, and contrast-enhanced harmonic study of a patient with an elastic score of 5 (patient number 4). Using EUS elastography (b ), the lesion exhibited harder tissue (blue color) than the surrounding tissue. The contrast-enhanced EUS study indicated a rapid, increased enhancement and washout within the first minute (c ). At 3 minutes (d ) and 5 minutes (e ), the tumor exhibited hypovascularity. The histological results (f ) indicated acinar cell carcinoma with abundant hyalinizing fibrosis.
Discussion
Acinar cell carcinoma exhibits variations in histology; thus, we hypothesized that the elastography and contrast-enhancement features of acinar cell carcinoma should reflect the pathologic characteristics. Using EUS elastography, our study identified elastic scores of 3 in three patients and scores of 5 in two patients. An elastic score of 3 indicates tissue distortion at the edge of the heterogeneously hard lesion. This finding was compatible with the histology, which indicated mild fibrosis and minimal invasion of the surrounding tissue. In the two patients with a score of 5, there was massive tumor invasion of the surrounding tissue with hyalinizing fibrosis component in one patient and massive hyalinizing fibrosis but with minimal invasion of the surrounding tissue in the other patient. This finding correlated with the elastography pattern of the blue area (i. e., hard tissue) that expanded to the surrounding area. According to these findings, both the hyalinizing fibrosis and the invasive component are factors that determine the elastography pattern.
The contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS study demonstrated various patterns of enhancement. In the patient with rapid enhancement followed by a washout pattern, the histology indicated an abundant amount of hyalinization. However, the number of small arteries is not clearly related to the pattern of enhancement. This finding may be because of the limited number of patients and other factors, such as the amount of fibrosis and invasion of the surrounding tissue. Our study showed that EUS elastography did not convey any advantage in the differential diagnosis of acinar cell carcinoma from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. On the other hand, CH-EUS showed the different enhancement patterns, with gradual enhancement in acinar cell carcinoma compared with hypo-enhancement in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. As a result, malignant acinar cell carcinoma could not be excluded in hyperenhanced pancreatic lesions with hard consistency, particularly with the presence of other B mode and/or clinical features of malignancy.
In summary, EUS elastography and contrast-enhanced EUS imaging in acinar cell carcinoma reflect tumor histology. Most lesions have an elastic score similar to findings in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Moreover, the contrast-enhanced study indicated at least three patterns of enhancement that reflect the tumor microstructure.
