Nanospray Drying as a Novel Tool to Improve Technological Properties of Soy Isoflavone Extracts

Abstract

Pharmacological evidences have correlated a low incidence of osteoporosis, breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and colon cancer in Asian populations, high consumers of soya, to the properties of soy isoflavones, more specifically to daidzein and genistein. However, in spite of the potent biological activity, their poor water solubility has a strong negative effect on bioavailability. In this study, an innovative technique, nano spray drying, was used to obtain nanoparticles loaded with a soybean dry extract while carboxymethyl cellulose was used as the excipient. The optimization of the process conditions allowed for the manufacturing of stable nanoparticles with a mean size of around 650 nm, a narrow size distribution, and a high encapsulation efficiency (between 78 % and 89 %). The presence of carboxymethyl cellulose was able to stabilize the isoflavone extract and enhance its affinity with aqueous media, strongly increasing its permeation through biological membranes up to 4.5-fold higher than pure soy isoflavone extract raw material and twice its homologous minispray-dried formulation. These results are very useful for the administration of the extract, either topically or orally, suggesting that the isoflanones extract nanoparticulate powder obtained by nano spray drying has great potential to enhance extract bioavailability and could be used as an ingredient to be enclosed in dietary supplements and nutraceutical and cosmeceutical products.

Key words

Glycine max - Fabaceae - soybean isoflavone extract - nanoparticulate powder - nano spray drying - in vitro permeation - sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

• References

• 1 Adlercreutz H, Mazur W. Phyto-oestrogens and Western diseases. Ann Med 1997; 29: 95-120
• 2 Huang KE. Menopause perspectives and treatment of Asian women. Semin Reprod Med 2010; 28: 396-403
• 3 Patisaul HB, Jefferson W. The pros and cons of phytoestrogens. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31: 400-419
• 4 Wei P, Liu M, Chen Y, Chen DC. Systematic review of soy isoflavone supplements on osteoporosis in women. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2012; 5: 243-248
• 5 Wang H, Murphy PA. Isoflavone composition of American and Japanese soybeans in Iowa: effects of variety, crop year, and location. J Agric Food Chem 1994; 42: 1674-1677
• 6 Gomez SL, Quach T, Horn-Ross PL, Pham JT, Cockburn M, Chang ET, Keegan TH, Glaser SL, Clarke CA. Hidden breast cancer disparities in Asian women: disaggregating incidence rates by ethnicity and migrant status. Am J Public Health 2010; 100: S125-S131
• 7 Zubik L, Meydani M. Bioavailability of soybean isoflavones from aglycone and glucoside forms in American women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1459-1465
• 8 Fiechter G, Raba B, Jungmayr A, Mayer HK. Characterization of isoflavone composition in soy-based nutritional supplements via ultra performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 672: 72-78
• 9 Lee BH, You HJ, Park MS, Kwon B, Ji GE. Transformation of the glycosides from food materials by probiotics and food microorganisms. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 16: 497-504
• 10 Panizzon GP, Bueno FG, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV, Dias Filho BP. Preparation of spray-dried soy isoflavone-loaded gelatin microspheres for enhancement of dissolution: formulation, characterization and in vitro evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2014; 6: 599-615
• 11 Nielsen IL, Williamson G. Review of the factors affecting bioavailability of soy isoflavones in humans. Nutr Cancer 2007; 57: 1-10
• 12 De Cicco F, Reverchon E, Adami R, Auriemma G, Russo P, Calabrese EC, Porta A, Aquino RP, Del Gaudio P. In situ forming antibacterial dextran blend hydrogel for wound dressing: SAA technology vs. spray drying. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 101: 1216-1224
• 13 Stigliani M, Aquino RP, Del Gaudio P, Mencherini T, Sansone F, Russo P. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for pulmonary administration: Design and investigation of ketoprofen lysinate fine dry powders. Int J Pharm 2013; 448: 198-204
• 14 Sansone F, Aquino RP, Del Gaudio P, Colombo P, Russo P. Physical characteristics and aerosol performance of naringin dry powders for pulmonary delivery prepared by spray-drying. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 72: 206-213
• 15 Gharsallaoui A, Roudaut G, Chambin O, Voilley A, Saurel R. Applications of spray-drying in microencapsulation of food ingredients: An overview. Food Res Int 2007; 40: 1107-1121
• 16 Murugesan R, Orsat V. Spray drying for the production of nutraceutical ingredients – a review. Food Bioprocess Technol 2012; 5: 3-14
• 17 Sansone F, Picerno P, Mencherini T, Russo P, Gasparri F, Giannini V, Lauro MR, Puglisi G, Aquino RP. Enhanced technological and permeation properties of a microencapsulated soy isoflavones extract. J Food Eng 2013; 115: 298-305
• 18 Li X, Anton N, Arpagaus C, Belleteix F, Vandamme TF. Nanoparticles by spray drying using innovative new technology: The Büchi Nano Spray Dryer B-90. J Control Release 2010; 147: 304-310
• 19 De Cicco F, Porta A, Sansone F, Aquino RP, Del Gaudio P. Nanospray technology for an in situ gelling nanoparticulate powder as a wound dressing. Int J Pharm 2014; 473: 30-37
• 20 Stintzing FC, Hoffmann M, Carle R. Thermal degradation kinetics of isoflavone aglycones from soy and red clover. Mol Nutr Food Res 2006; 50: 373-377
• 21 Niamnuy C, Nachaisin M, Poomsa-ad N, Devahastin S. Kinetic modelling of drying and conversion/degradation of isoflavones during infrared drying of soybean. Food Chem 2012; 133: 946-952
• 22 Turchiuli C, Fuchs M, Bohin M, Cuvelier ME, Ordonnaud C, Peyrat-Maillard MN, Dumoulin E. Oil encapsulation by spray drying and fluidised bed agglomeration. Innov Food Sci & Emer Technol 2005; 6: 29-35
• 23 Iskandar F, Gradon L, Okuyama K. Control of the morphology of nanostructured particles prepared by the spray drying of a nanoparticle sol. J Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 265: 296-303
• 24 Aquino RP, Stigliani M, Del Gaudio P, Mencherini T, Sansone F, Russo P. Nanospray drying as a novel technique for the manufacturing of inhalable NSAID powders. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014: 838410
• 25 Auriemma G, Del Gaudio P, Barba AA, dʼAmore M, Aquino RP. A combined technique based on prilling and microwave assisted treatments for the production of ketoprofen controlled release dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2011; 415: 196-205
• 26 Vehring R, Foss WR, Lechuga-Ballesteros D. Particle formation in spray drying. J Aerosol Sci 2007; 38: 728-746
• 27 Hatakeyama T, Nakamura K, Hatakeyama H. Determination of bound water content in polymers by DTA, DSC and TG. Thermochim Acta 1988; 123: 153-161
• 28 Aquino RP, Auriemma G, dʼAmore M, DʼUrsi AM, Mencherini T, Del Gaudio P. Piroxicam loaded alginate beads obtained by prilling/microwave tandem technique: Morphology and drug release. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89: 740-748
• 29 Del Gaudio P, Colombo P, Colombo G, Russo P, Sonvico F. Mechanisms of formation and disintegration of alginate beads obtained by prilling. Int J Pharm 2005; 302: 1-9
• 30 Farakte RA, Yadav G, Joshi B, Patwadhan AW, Singh G. Role of particle size in tea infusion process. Int J Food Eng 2016; 12: 1-16