Neuromuscular Adaptations to Same-Session Combined Endurance and Strength Training in Recreational Endurance Runners

M. Schumann; P. Pelttari; K. Doma; L. Karavirta; K. Häkkinen

doi:10.1055/s-0042-112592

International Journal of Sports Medicine, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Int J Sports Med 2016; 37(14): 1136-1143
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-112592

Training & Testing

Neuromuscular Adaptations to Same-Session Combined Endurance and Strength Training in Recreational Endurance Runners

M. Schumann

¹Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, University of Jyvaskyla

,

P. Pelttari

¹Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, University of Jyvaskyla

,

K. Doma

²College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia

,

L. Karavirta

³Polar Electro Oy, Professorintie 5, Kempele, Finland

,

K. Häkkinen

¹Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, University of Jyvaskyla

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

This study examined neuromuscular adaptations in recreational endurance runners during 24 weeks of same-session combined endurance and strength training (E+S, n=13) vs. endurance training only (E, n=14). Endurance training was similar in the 2 groups (4–6x/week). Additional maximal and explosive strength training was performed in E+S always after incremental endurance running sessions (35–45 min, 65–85% HR_max). Maximal dynamic leg press strength remained statistically unaltered in E+S but decreased in E at week 24 (−5±5%, p=0.014, btw-groups at week 12 and 24, p=0.014 and 0.011). Isometric leg press and unilateral knee extension force, EMG of knee extensors and voluntary activation remained statistically unaltered in E+S and E. The changes in muscle cross-sectional (CSA) differed between the 2 groups after 12 (E+S+6±8%, E −5±6%, p<0.001) and 24 (E+S+7±7%, E −6±5%, p<0.001) weeks. 1 000 m running time determined during an incremental field test decreased in E+S and E after 12 (−7±3%, p<0.001 and −8±5%, p=0.001) and 24 (−9±5%, p=0.001 and −13±5%, p<0.001) weeks. Strength training performed always after an endurance running session did not lead to increased maximal strength, CSA, EMG or voluntary activation. This possibly contributed to the finding of no endurance performance benefits in E+S compared to E.

Key words

concurrent training - EMG - voluntary activation - muscle cross-sectional-area - endurance running

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Aagaard P, Andersen J, Bennekou M, Larsson B, Olesen JL, Crameri R, Magnusson SP, Kjær M. Effects of resistance training on endurance capacity and muscle fiber composition in young top level cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21: e298-e307
2 Ahtiainen JP, Hoffren M, Hulmi JJ, Pietikäinen M, Mero AA, Avela J, Häkkinen K. Panoramic ultrasonography is a valid method to measure changes in skeletal muscle cross-sectional area. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 108: 273-279
3 Atkinson G, Davison R, Passfield L, Nevill AM. Could the correlation between maximal oxygen uptake and “Economy” be spurious?. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: 1242-1243 author reply 1244
4 Barrett-O’Keefe Z, Helgerud J, Wagner PD, Richardson RS. Maximal strength training and increased work efficiency: contribution from the trained muscle bed. J Appl Physiol 2012; 113: 1846-1851
5 Bassett Jr DR, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: 70-84
6 Bazyler CD, Abbott HA, Bellon CR, Taber CB, Stone MH. Strength training for endurance athletes: theory to practice. Strength Cond J 2015; 37: 1-12
7 Beattie K, Kenny I, Lyons M, Carson B. The effect of strength training on performance in endurance athletes. Sports Med 2014; 44: 845-865
8 Bellemare F, Bigland-Ritchie B. Assessment of human diaphragm strength and activation using phrenic nerve stimulation. Respir Physiol 1984; 58: 263-277
9 Cadore EL, Izquierdo M, Alberton CL, Pinto RS, Conceicao M, Cunha G, Radaelli R, Bottaro M, Trindade GT, Kruel LF. Strength prior to endurance intra-session exercise sequence optimizes neuromuscular and cardiovascular gains in elderly men. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47: 164-169
10 Cadore EL, Izquierdo M, Pinto SS, Alberton CL, Pinto RS, Baroni BM, Vaz MA, Lanferdini FJ, Radaelli R, Gonzalez-Izal M, Bottaro M, Kruel LF. Neuromuscular adaptations to concurrent training in the elderly: effects of intrasession exercise sequence. Age 2013; 35: 891-903
11 Chtara M, Chaouachi A, Levin GT, Chaouachi M, Chamari K, Amri M, Laursen PB. Effect of concurrent endurance and circuit resistance training sequence on muscular strength and power development. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22: 1037-1045
12 Craig BW, Lucas J, Pohlman R, Stelling H. The effects of running, weightlifting and a combination of both on growth hormone release. J Appl Sport Sci Res 1991; 5: 198-203
13 Denadai BS, Greco CC, Tufik S, de Mello MT. Effects of high intensity running to fatigue on isokinetic muscular strength in endurance athletes. Isokinet Exerc Sci 2007; 15: 281-285
14 Eklund D, Pulverenti T, Bankers S, Avela J, Newton R, Schumann M, Häkkinen K. Neuromuscular adaptations to different modes of combined strength and endurance training. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36: 120-129
15 Guglielmo LG, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Effects of strength training on running economy. Int J Sports Med 2009; 30: 27-32
16 Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Alén M, Kauhanen H, Komi PV. Neuromuscular and hormonal adaptations in athletes to strength training in two years. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65: 2406-2412
17 Harriss D, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2014 update. Int J Sports Med 2013; 34: 1025-1028
18 Hickson RC. Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1980; 45: 255-263
19 Hoff J, Gran A, Helgerud J. Maximal strength training improves aerobic endurance performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2002; 12: 288-295
20 Leveritt M, Abernethy PJ. Acute effects of high-intensity endurance exercise on subsequent resistance activity. J Strength Cond Res 1999; 13: 47-51
21 Merton P. Voluntary strength and fatigue. J Physiol 1954; 123: 553-564
22 Mikkola JS, Rusko HK, Nummela AT, Paavolainen LM, Häkkinen K. Concurrent endurance and explosive type strength training increases activation and fast force production of leg extensor muscles in endurance athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21: 613-620
23 Millet GP, Jaouen B, Borrani F, Candau R. Effects of concurrent endurance and strength training on running economy and V.O(2) kinetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 1351-1359
24 Paavolainen L, Häkkinen K, Hämalainen I, Nummela A, Rusko H. Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 1527-1533
25 Paavolainen L, Nummela A, Rusko H, Häkkinen K. Neuromuscular characteristics and fatigue during 10 km running. Int J Sports Med 1999; 20: 516-521
26 Psilander N, Frank P, Flockhart M, Sahlin K. Adding strength to endurance training does not enhance aerobic capacity in cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015
27 Rønnestad BR, Mujika I. Optimizing strength training for running and cycling endurance performance: A review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 24: 603-612
28 Rønnestad BR, Hansen EA, Raastad T. Strength training improves 5-min all-out performance following 185 min of cycling. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21: 250-259
29 Rønnestad BR, Hansen EA, Raastad T. Effect of heavy strength training on thigh muscle cross-sectional area, performance determinants, and performance in well-trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 108: 965-975
30 Rønnestad BR, Nymark BS, Raastad T. Effects of in-season strength maintenance training frequency in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 2653-2660
31 Schumann M, Küüsmaa M, Newton RU, Sirparanta AI, Syvaoja H, Häkkinen A, Häkkinen K. Fitness and lean mass increases during combined training independent of loading order. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46: 1758-1768
32 Schumann M, Mykkänen OP, Doma K, Mazzolari R, Nyman K, Häkkinen K. Effects of endurance training only versus same-session combined endurance and strength training on physical performance and serum hormone concentrations in recreational endurance runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40: 28-36
33 Spurrs RW, Murphy AJ, Watsford ML. The effect of plyometric training on distance running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 89: 1-7
34 Stone MH, Stone ME, Sands WA, Pierce KC, Newton RU, Haff GG, Carlock J. Maximum strength and strength training–A relationship to endurance?. Strength Cond J 2006; 28: 44-53
35 Støren O, Helgerud J, Stoa EM, Hoff J. Maximal strength training improves running economy in distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40: 1087-1092
36 Sunde A, Støren O, Bjerkaas M, Larsen MH, Hoff J, Helgerud J. Maximal strength training improves cycling economy in competitive cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24: 2157-2165
37 Taipale RS, Mikkola J, Nummela A, Vesterinen V, Capostagno B, Walker S, Gitonga D, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K. Strength training in endurance runners. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 468-476
38 Temesi J, Rupp T, Martin V, Arnal PJ, Féasson L, Verges S, Millet GY. Central fatigue assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation in ultratrail running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46: 1166-1175
39 Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Thomeé R. The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans. Sports Med 2007; 37: 225-264