Introduction
Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) with the “J” configuration after total proctocolectomy has become the standard surgical procedure for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or familial adenomatous polyposis who require colectomy [1]. The tip of the “J” consists of the distal ileum which is sealed with a linear stapler with or without additional reinforcement sutures. The tip of the “J” is 1 of the 2 most common locations for leaks, with the other being the anastomosis [2]. Our previous study of 27 patients with the leak at the tip of the “J” showed that salvage surgery was required in up to 93 % of the patients with pouch repair, new pouch creation, or redo anastomosis [3].
We described the first case of endoscopic treatment of the leak at the tip of the “J” with the over-the-scope clipping (OTSC, the “Bear Claw”) system in the literature [4]. Since then, the endoscopic therapy has become the first-line approach for the lesion in our Pouch Center/i-IBD Center. This case series is the natural extension of our previous case report.
Patients and methods
This cohort study was approved by our Institutional Review Board. The patients were identified from our prospectively maintained Pouch Registry. In addition, electronic medical records were reviewed and data were collected.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The inclusion criteria were patients with: 1) IPAA; and 2) a confirmed leak at the tip of the “J” on imaging and/or endoscopy. Exclusion criteria were patients with Crohn’s disease-related fistula.
Endoscopic procedure
A leak from the tip of the “J” was confirmed either with a soft guidewire via pouchoscopy with or without pre- or post- endoscopy gastrograffin pouchogram ([Fig. 1]). Risks and benefits of the endoscopic therapy were discussed with the patients and informed consent was obtained. The procedure was performed at our outpatient Interventional IBD Unit by a single experienced endoscopist (B. S.), without the need for fluoroscopic guidance.
Fig. 1 A leak at the tip of the “J” detected by soft-tip guidewire.
Under conscious sedation and carbon dioxide insufflation, a GIF series gastroscope was used (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The contained leak was cleaned with hydrogen peroxide, betadine, and/or 50 % dextrose. Endoscopic cytology brush was used to debride the epithelialized orifice of the cavity. Then 12 – 6t-sized OTSC and 165-cm anchor (Ovesco Endoscopy USA, Cary, NC) were used to close the leak ([Fig. 2]).
Fig. 2 Successful closure of leaking from the tip of the “J” with the over-the-scope-clipping system.
Outcome measurements
The primary outcome was closure of the leak confirmed either by pouchoscopy with guidewire and/or gastrograffin pouchogram. Secondary outcomes were the need for surgical intervention and procedure-associated complications. Descriptive statistics were computed.
Results
Demographic and clinical data
A total of 12 patients were included. The mean age was 42.8 ± 18.0 years with 5 (41.6 %) being male. All 12 (100 %) patients were Caucasians with average body mass index (BMI) of 24.0 ± 3.0 kg/m2 ([Table 1]). Of the 12 patients, 11(91.6 %) had a preoperative diagnosis of UC and 1 had indeterminate colitis. Diarrhea was the main presenting complaint in 11 patients (91.6 %) followed by abdominal pain in 5 (41.6 %), and fever and leukocytosis in 1 (8.3 %). All 12 patients had chronic leaks, with a mean time from the pouch construction to diagnosis of the leak being 7.5 ± 4.9 years.
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of patients treated with over-the-scope clip for the leak at the tip of the “J.”
|
Factor
|
Further characteristic
|
Summary
|
|
Age, yrs
|
42.8 ± 18.0
|
|
Male gender
|
5 (41.6 %)
|
|
Body mass index
|
24.0 ± 3.0
|
|
Caucasian ethnicity
|
12 (100 %)
|
|
Current smoking
|
0
|
|
Excessive alcohol use
|
4 (33.3 %)
|
|
Preoperative diagnosis
|
Ulcerative colitis
Crohnʼs colitis
Indeterminate colitis
|
11 (91.6 %)
0
1 (8.33 %)
|
|
Time from ulcerative colitis diagnosis to colectomy, yrs
|
5.6 ± 5.3
|
|
Time from pouch creation to diagnosis of leak at tip of the “J,” yrs
|
7.5 ± 4.9
|
|
Presenting symptoms
|
Abdominal pain
Fever
Diarrhea
|
5 (41.6 %)
1 (8.3 %)
11 (91.6 %)
|
|
Successful closure of leak during endoscopy
|
12 (100 %)
|
|
Immediate post-procedure complications
|
0
|
|
Post-procedure complications in the first 30 days
|
1 (8.33 %)
|
|
Additional endoscopic therapy
|
Repeat OTSC
|
5 (41.6 %)
|
|
Need for surgery
|
4 (33.3 %)
|
|
Average time of follow up post-procedure
|
1.2 ± 0.6 years
|
Outcomes
All 12 patients had successful deployment of OTSC during endoscopy. No excessive bleeding or perforation was observed. Ten patients (83.3 %) had a repeat pouchoscopy within 1 year after the index therapeutic pouchoscopy; 2 patients were followed up as outpatients with no additional pouchoscopy. Six patients (50.0 %) had complete healing on initial follow-up, 5 (41.6 %) had a recurrent leak identified on subsequent pouchoscopy and 1 (8.3 %) developed a new leak at different site other than prior treatment site. The latter 6 patients underwent repeat endoscopic therapy, 5 patients had reapplication of OTSC and one patient was attempted with endostitch after failed OTSC. Of these, 2 more patients achieved complete healing of the leak, while 4 (33.3 %) patients had a persistent leak requiring surgery.
There were no immediate post-procedure complications and all patients were discharged home the same day after routine post-procedural observation. One (8.3 %) patient, however, developed a pre-sacral spinal abscess 14 days after deployment of OTSC. That patient was admitted to the hospital and underwent a surgery for drainage and later on elective pouch revision and was treated with long-term intravenous antibiotics.
Discussion
Surgery-related complications are common in IPAA, with leaking at the tip of the “J” being one of the commonest. Risk of pouch failure is high when a septic complication occurs in the tip of the “J” [5]. The diagnosis may only be made at the time of salvage surgery in some patients and symptomatology such as abdominal pain, fever or diarrhea, is not specific [3]. Patients with the leak at the tip of the “J” may develop enterocutaneous fistula. Pouch endoscopy, contrasted pouchogram, and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis are common diagnostic modalities. To date, management of leaking at the tip of the “J” has been exclusively surgical, including procedures like repair and redo pouch [6]
[7]. This case series describes a novel endoscopic management of this pouch complication that may obviate surgical intervention by minimizing cost and avoiding risks associated with surgical procedures.
This is the first case series in the literature showing successful use of the OTSC system for management of leaking at the tip of the “J”. Of the12 patients in the series, 8 (66.6 %) were successfully treated with OTSC. Our series shows that use of OTSC for leaking at the tip of the “J” is a valid alternative. Besides being a technically feasible procedure, OTSC appears to also be safe.
OTSC has gained popularity among the endoscopy community. It has been used to successfully treatd non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding [8], fistula of the gastrointestinal tract [9], and esophageal perforation [10]. In a recent large single-center case series, OTSC was used to treat upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding, gastrointestinal perforation, fistula, and perforation in 84 patients with a success rate of 92 %, with no reported complications [8].
Our study has few limitations. Being a historical cohort case series, it has inherent bias. It is also a single-center, tertiary-care based, non-controlled study, which may limit the generalizability of the results to the general IBD population. It is, however, difficult to perform a randomized controlled study in this patient population.
Conclusion
In conclusion, leaking from the tip of the “J” in patients with IPAA can be effectively and safely treated with over-the-scope clipping system.
