Therapie und Sekundärprävention der venösen Thromboembolie – Orale Antikoagulation im Wandel

Zusammenfassung

Mit der kürzlich erfolgten Zulassung des vierten direkten, neuen nicht-Vitamin-K-abhängigen oralen Antikoagulans (NOAK) Edoxaban hat sich die Palette der verfügbaren NOAKs zur Therapie der venösen Thromboembolie (VTE) erweitert. Kurz danach sind zwei aktualisierte Leitlinien zur Prophylaxe und Therapie der VTE veröffentlicht worden, in denen NOAKs als gleichwertige Antikoagulanzien zu niedermolekularem Heparin (NMH), Fondaparinux (FDX) und VKA gelistet sind. Alle NOAKs sind für die Erhaltungstherapie nach VTE verfügbar. Darüber hinaus sind zwei NOAKs in erhöhter Dosis auch für die Initialtherapie (Rivaroxaban und Apixaban) zugelassen.

Zwischen den einzelnen NOAKs gibt es pharmakokinetische und pharmakodynamische Unterschiede. Wie bei NMH/FDX muss bei allen NOAKs die Dosis bei relevanter Niereninsuffizienz verringert werden. Ein Bridging im Falle operativer Eingriffe ist dagegen – anders als bei VKA – generell nicht notwendig. Eine Dosispause, deren Dauer von der Nierenfunktion und dem individuellen Blutungsrisiko abhängt, ist, wie bei NMH bzw. FPX, in der Regel ausreichend. Die üblichen Gerinnungsparameter aPTT und INR sind für ein Monitoring ungeeignet. Ein Labormonitoring ist bei Xabanen mittels adjustierten Anti-Xa-Testen, bei Dabigatran mittels der verdünnten Thrombinzeit nur in Ausnahmesituationen, z. B. bei individuell stark erhöhtem Blutungsrisiko oder Fehleinnahmeverdacht, hilfreich.

Abstract

With the recent approval of the fourth direct non vitamin K dependent oral anticoagulant (NOAC) edoxaban the range of available NOACs for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) has expanded. Shortly thereafter, two updated guidelines for the prevention and treatment of VTE have been published. In these NOACs are listed as equal anticoagulants to low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH), or fondaparinux (FDX), and VKA for the initial or maintenance treatment of VTE. All NOACs are approved for the maintenance therapy after VTE and two NOACs (rivaroxaban and apixaban) for the initial treatment in addition in an increased dose.

NOACs differ in their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. In patients with renal insufficiency the dose of all NOACs should be reduced similarly to NMH/FDX. In contrast to VKAs, bridging with NOACs in case of surgical interventions is generally dispensable. Similar to NMHs or FPX renal function and individual bleeding risk dependent dose intermission is generally sufficient. Conventional coagulation parameters like aPTT and INR are not suitable for the monitoring of NOACs. Only in seldom cases, laboratory monitoring with use of adjusted anti-Xa testing or diluted thrombin time (dabigatran) may be helpful.

Schlüsselwörter

venöse Thromboembolie - orale Antikoagulation - Labormonitoring - Antagonisierung

Keywords

venous thromboembolism - oral anticoagulation - laboratory monitoring - antagonization

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