Introduction
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) is becoming a valid alternative
to percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) in high-risk surgical candidates.
A randomized controlled trial reported that EUS-GBD using a naso-biliary catheter
is comparable to PTGBD in terms of technical feasibility, clinical efficacy, and adverse
event (AE) rates [1 ]. In addition, 2 systematic reviews of all EUS-GBD cases have shown technical and
clinical success rates greater than 95.8 % and 93.4 %, respectively [2 ]
[3 ].
Recently, a lumen-apposing fully-covered self-expanding metal stent (LA-FCSEMS) with
bilateral flanges specifically designed to create an anastomosis, the AXIOS™ stent
(Boston Scientific Corp., Marlborough, MA, USA), has become available. More recently,
the stent has been incorporated in an electrocautery- enhanced delivery system, the
AXIOS-EC™ (Boston Scientific Corp.) [4 ], which could render the procedure faster and safer by decreasing the number of accessory
exchange needed to accomplish the drainage. Reports of use of the stent with and without
the electrocautery-enhanced delivery system have been reported for drainage of pancreatic
fluid collections [5 ], common bile duct [6 ] and gallbladder [7 ].
No data on possible use of and AEs with the device in patients on anticoagulants or
with coagulopathy who undergo drainage have been published up to now. We report our
experience with endoscopic treatment of 4 prohibitive surgical risk patients with
acute cholecystitis and concurrent coagulopathy or on anticoagulant therapy.
A therapeutic linear echoendoscope (GF-UC180 T, Olympus Medical System Europe, Hamburg,
Germany)
was used in all cases. The drainage site was chosen based on where the gallbladder
was best
visualized from the stomach or the duodenum. The AXIOS-EC™ device was advanced through
the
working channel of the echoendoscope and pushed outside the tip of the scope until
a contact
with the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was achieved. In all 4 patients described,
the
drainage was performed using the AXIOS-ECTM (Boston Scientific Corp.) containing a
10-mm wide, 10-mm long LA-SEMS ([Fig. 1 ]). Penetration of the
electrocautery-enhanced device into the gallbladder was achieved by appling pure cut
current,
with the setting adjusted to 100 watts, without coagulation (ICC 200, ERBE Elektromedizin
GmbH,
Tübingen, Germany). Once the delivery catheter was inside the gallbladder, the stent
was
deployed completely under EUS guidance as previously described ([Video 1 ] and [Fig. 2 ]) [8 ].
Fig. 1 The novel electrocautery-enhanced delivery system with the lumen-apposing self expanding
metal stent fully opened (AXIOS-EC™, Boston Scientific Corporation).
Fig. 2 EUS-guided gallbladder drainage using a LA-SEMS in a patient with acute cholecystitis,
high surgical risk, and INR of 2.41. a EUS image with the use of Doppler to select a target area with no visible vessels.
b puncture with the electrocautery device performed under real-time EUS guidance. c EUS-guided deployment of the stent; d Endoscopic view of the stent deployed in the duodenum with dark bile flowing out
of its proximal flange, with no bleeding.
Video 1 Procedural steps in a patient with acute cholecystitis and coagulopathy judged at
very high surgical risk.
Case Reports
Patient 1
A 55-year-old male developed acute cholecystitis after cardiac surgery. After 3 days
of broad-spectrum antibiotics, his clinical condition worsened and the patient became
septic with hypotension. EUS-GBD was performed despite the international normalized
ratio (INR) value of 1.67 due to multisystem organ failure secondary to sepsis. The
patient was also on active anticoagulation receiving enoxaparin sodium 6,000/UI twice
a day, which could not be withheld. Gallbladder drainage was done transgastrically,
without any immediate or late procedure-related AEs. However, the patient died three
days after the procedure due to sepsis and infectious endocarditis.
Patient 2
A 90-year-old female was referred for jaundice (serum bilirubin 4.9 mg/dL), increased
white blood cell (WBC) count (13,200/mm3 ) and suspicion of acute cholecystitis (right upper quadrant pain for more than 24 hours
and fever > 38 °C). Transabdominal ultrasound showed hydrops of the gallbladder with
multiple stones. The day after she was not responding to the antibiotics, thus an
emergent EUS-GBD was done. At the time of the procedure the INR was 1.53 and she was
receiving 2.5 mg of fondaparinux sodium injection twice a day with the last dose of
anticoagulant administered 6 hours before the endoscopic procedure. EUS-GBD was performed
from the stomach. No procedure-related AEs were encountered. The patient recovered
completely and was discharged 10 days after the procedure.
Patient 3
A 63-year-old female with metastatic breast cancer was referred for jaundice (serum
bilirubin 28.3 mg/dL), increased WBC count (31,800/mm3 ) and suspicion of acute cholecystitis. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed
a distended gallbladder and liver metastases causing compression of the cystic duct.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography failed because of difficulty in reaching
the papilla. The patient was then treated during the same endoscopic session with
transgastric gallbladder drainage using the Axios-EC™ device. The day of the procedure
the INR value was 2.41 presumably due to her liver failure and she was receiving enoxaparin
sodium 6,000/UI twice a day, with the last dose of anticoagulant administered 2 hours
before the procedure. No immediate procedure-related AEs were observed. The patient
died two days after the procedure due to multisystem organ failure.
Patient 4
A 90-year-old male was admitted to the medical intensive care unit with fever, jaundice
and abdominal pain. Blood testing revealed increased WBC count (17,000/mm3 ) and serum bilirubin level (13.9 mg/dl). Transabdominal ultrasound revealed a distended
gallbladder, with wall thickening, microlithiasis, and peri-cholecystic fluid. The
patient was started on antibiotics, but became septic with hypotension and disseminated
intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome, which required emergent endoscopic transgastric
gallbladder drainage to be performed. The day of the procedure the INR value was 3.5,
presumably due to DIC. No immediate or late adverse procedure-related events were
observed. The patient recovered completely and was discharged 7 days after the procedure.
Discussion
We herein report for the first time utilization of a recently developed lumen-apposing
FCSEMS mounted on an electrocautery-enhanced delivery system to perform emergent EUS-GBD
in 4 prohibitive surgical risk patients with acute cholecystitis with prolonged INR
and/or who were taking anticoagulants. All stent placements were successful without
any procedural or post-procedural bleeding. Unfortunately, 2 of the 4 treated patients
died 2 and 3 days after the procedure due to multiorgan failure, without any sign
of bleeding.
Currently, there are no reccomandations regarding bleeding risk withr the drainage
procedure accomplished with the newly developed LA-FCSEMS in patients with acute cholecystitis
and high surgical risk with prolonged INR. According to current ESGE guidelines, a
simple EUS with FNA in a patient with increased INR is considered a high-risk procedure.
The guidelines recommend careful checking of the INR value prior to the procedure
to ensure that it is less than 1.5 [9 ]. Moreover, if EUS-guided sampling has to be performed in a patient on low-molecular-weight
heparin (LMWH), the procedure should be performed at least 8 hours after the last
dose of the drug has been administered [9 ]
[10 ], and it should be restarted only on the day after the procedure [9 ].
In our experience 3 of the 4 patients were actively receiving anticoagulants, which
in one of them was continued also after the procedure, with no occurrence of bleeding.
The INR value was slightly prolonged in 2 patients, and markedly prolonged in the
other 2, precluding performance of an endoscopic interventional procedure as recommended
by the ESGE guideline [9 ]. However, the alternative was percutaneous gallbladder drainage, which was judged
to be even riskier than the endoscopic one.
The lack of procedural and post-procedural bleeding might be explained by 1 aspect
of our process and 2 characteristics of the stent: (1) lack of prior use of an FNA
needle, which is not used when performing the procedure with the one-step Axios-EC™
technique; (2) the very small surface area of the electrode (3 % of a 10F cystotome),
which makes the current density quite high and focuses the energy very precisely,
thus causing very little thermal trauma; and (3) the radial expansion force of the
fully covered stent, which is able to tamponade any bleeding vessel within the stent
flanges [11 ]. Similarly, cases of postsphincterotomy, balloon sphincteroplasty and post-transplant
biliary anastomotic stricture dilatation bleeding successfully treated using the expansion
forces of a FC-SEMSs have been reported [12 ]
[13 ]. Importantly, if bleeding occurs after the procedure, transcatheter arterial embolization
will be facilitated by presence of the metalic stent, which can act as a guide for
the angiographer in identifiying the bleeding vessel [14 ].
Conclusion
In conclusion, our case series suggests that EUS-guided gallbladder drainage in patients
with prohibitive surgical risk with concomitant prolonged INR and/or on anticoagulation
is feasible without apparent increased bleeding risk. Importantly, that should be
done in tertiary care centers with multidisciplinary teams available, in case of the
occurrence of AEs, and the coagulopathy should be corrected or reversed, whenever
possible.
