Response of Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood Pressure to Dynamic Exercise: A Study Using PET

Mikio Hiura; Tadashi Nariai; Muneyuki Sakata; Akitaka Muta; Kenji Ishibashi; Kei Wagatsuma; Tetsuro Tago; Jun Toyohara; Kenji Ishii; Taketoshi Maehara

doi:10.1055/s-0043-123647

International Journal of Sports Medicine, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Int J Sports Med 2018; 39(03): 181-188
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-123647

Physiology & Biochemistry

Response of Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood Pressure to Dynamic Exercise: A Study Using PET

Autor*innen

Mikio Hiura

¹Faculty of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
Tadashi Nariai

²Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Ika Shika Daigaku, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
Muneyuki Sakata

³Tokyo-to Kenko Choju Iryo Center, Research Team for Neuroimaging, Itabashi-ku, Japan
Akitaka Muta

²Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Ika Shika Daigaku, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
Kenji Ishibashi

³Tokyo-to Kenko Choju Iryo Center, Research Team for Neuroimaging, Itabashi-ku, Japan
Kei Wagatsuma

³Tokyo-to Kenko Choju Iryo Center, Research Team for Neuroimaging, Itabashi-ku, Japan
Tetsuro Tago

³Tokyo-to Kenko Choju Iryo Center, Research Team for Neuroimaging, Itabashi-ku, Japan
Jun Toyohara

³Tokyo-to Kenko Choju Iryo Center, Research Team for Neuroimaging, Itabashi-ku, Japan
Kenji Ishii

³Tokyo-to Kenko Choju Iryo Center, Research Team for Neuroimaging, Itabashi-ku, Japan
Taketoshi Maehara

²Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Ika Shika Daigaku, Bunkyo-ku, Japan

Abstract

Dynamic exercise elicits fluctuations in blood pressure (BP) and cerebral blood flow (CBF). This study investigated responses in BP and CBF during cycling exercise and post-exercise hypotension (PEH) using positron emission tomography (PET). CBF was measured using oxygen-15-labeled water (H₂ ¹⁵O) and PET in 11 human subjects at rest (Rest), at the onset of exercise (Ex1), later in the exercise (Ex2), and during PEH. Global CBF significantly increased by 13% at Ex1 compared with Rest, but was unchanged at Ex2 and during PEH. Compared with at Rest, regional CBF (rCBF) increased at Ex1 (20~42%) in the cerebellar vermis, sensorimotor cortex for the bilateral legs (M1_Leg and S1_Leg), insular cortex and brain stem, but increased at Ex2 (28~31%) only in the vermis and M1_Leg and S1_Leg. During PEH, rCBF decreased compared with Rest (8~13%) in the cerebellum, temporal gyrus, piriform lobe, thalamus and pons. The areas showing correlations between rCBF and mean BP during exercise and PEH were consistent with the central autonomic network, including the brain stem, cerebellum, and hypothalamus (R²=0.25–0.64). The present study suggests that higher brain regions are coordinated through reflex centers in the brain stem in order to regulate the cardiovascular response to exercise.

Key words

brain perfusion - cycling - post-exercise hypotension - autonomic function - functional imaging

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Ashburner J. A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. Neuroimage 2007; 38: 95-113
2 Benarroch EE. The central autonomic network: Functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 1993; 68: 988-1001
3 Christensen LO, Johannsen P, Sinkjaer T, Petersen N, Pyndt HS, Nielsen JB. Cerebral activation during bicycle movements in man. Exp Brain Res 2000; 135: 66-72
4 Critchley HD, Corfield DR, Chandler MP, Mathias CJ, Dolan RJ. Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: A functional neuroimaging investigation in humans. J Physiol 2000; 523 Pt 1 259-270
5 Dampney RA. Functional organization of central pathways regulating the cardiovascular system. Physiol Rev 1994; 74: 323-364
6 Dampney RA. Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and respiratory function during stress and arousal. Am J Physiol 2015; 309: R429-R443
7 Dampney RA. Central neural control of the cardiovascular system: Current perspectives. Adv Physiol Educ 2016; 40: 283-296
8 Dampney RA, Horiuchi J, McDowall LM. Hypothalamic mechanisms coordinating cardiorespiratory function during exercise and defensive behaviour. Auton Neurosci 2008; 142: 3-10
9 Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, Nieman DC, Swain DP. American College of Sports M. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43: 1334-1359
10 Guyenet PG. The sympathetic control of blood pressure. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7: 335-346
11 Harriss DJ, Macsween A, Atkinson G. Standards for Ethics in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2018 Update. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 1126-1131
12 Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Macera CA, Heath GW, Thompson PD, Bauman A. Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 1423-1434
13 Herscovitch P, Markham J, Raichle ME. Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. I. Theory and error analysis. J Nucl Med 1983; 24: 782-789
14 Hiura M, Nariai T, Ishii K, Sakata M, Oda K, Toyohara J, Ishiwata K. Changes in cerebral blood flow during steady-state cycling exercise: A study using oxygen-15-labeled water with PET. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34: 389-396
15 Horn EM, Waldrop TG. Suprapontine control of respiration. Respir Physiol 1998; 114: 201-211
16 Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O. The effects of training on heart rate; A longitudinal study. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn 1957; 35: 307-315
17 Keay KA, Bandler R. Parallel circuits mediating distinct emotional coping reactions to different types of stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2001; 25: 669-678
18 Kenney MJ, Seals DR. Postexercise hypotension. Key features, mechanisms, and clinical significance. Hypertension 1993; 22: 653-664
19 Lamb K, Gallagher K, McColl R, Mathews D, Querry R, Williamson JW. Exercise-induced decrease in insular cortex rCBF during postexercise hypotension. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 672-679
20 Lassen NA. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man. Physiol Rev 1959; 39: 183-238
21 MacDonald JR. Potential causes, mechanisms, and implications of post exercise hypotension. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16: 225-236
22 Paulson OB, Strandgaard S, Edvinsson L. Cerebral autoregulation. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 1990; 2: 161-192
23 Querido JS, Sheel AW. Regulation of cerebral blood flow during exercise. Sports Med 2007; 37: 765-782
24 Raichle ME, Martin WR, Herscovitch P, Mintun MA, Markham J. Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. II. Implementation and validation. J Nucl Med 1983; 24: 790-798
25 Robertson AD, Crane DE, Rajab AS, Swardfager W, Marzolini S, Shirzadi Z, Middleton LE, MacIntosh BJ. Exercise intensity modulates the change in cerebral blood flow following aerobic exercise in chronic stroke. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233: 2467-2475
26 Rogers G, Oosthuyse T. A comparison of the indirect estimate of mean arterial pressure calculated by the conventional equation and calculated to compensate for a change in heart rate. Int J Sports Med 2000; 21: 90-95
27 Sato K, Ogoh S, Hirasawa A, Oue A, Sadamoto T. The distribution of blood flow in the carotid and vertebral arteries during dynamic exercise in humans. J Physiol 2011; 589: 2847-2856
28 Secher NH, Amann M. Human investigations into the exercise pressor reflex. Exp Physiol 2012; 97: 59-69
29 Secher NH, Seifert T, Van Lieshout JJ. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during exercise: implications for fatigue. J Appl Physiol 2008; 104: 306-314
30 Shoemaker JK, Norton KN, Baker J, Luchyshyn T. Forebrain organization for autonomic cardiovascular control. Auton Neurosci 2015; 188: 5-9
31 Smith JC, Paulson ES, Cook DB, Verber MD, Tian Q. Detecting changes in human cerebral blood flow after acute exercise using arterial spin labeling: implications for fMRI. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 191: 258-262
32 Smith SA, Mitchell JH, Garry MG. The mammalian exercise pressor reflex in health and disease. Exp Physiol 2006; 91: 89-102
33 Vestergaard MB, Lindberg U, Aachmann-Andersen NJ, Lisbjerg K, Christensen SJ, Rasmussen P, Olsen NV, Law I, Larsson HB, Henriksen OM. Comparison of global cerebral blood flow measured by phase-contrast mapping MRI with 15 O-H2 O positron emission tomography. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 45: 692-699
34 Whipp BJ. The slow component of O2 uptake kinetics during heavy exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: 1319-1326
35 Williamson JW, Fadel PJ, Mitchell JH. New insights into central cardiovascular control during exercise in humans: A central command update. Exp Physiol 2006; 91: 51-58
36 Williamson JW, McColl R, Mathews D. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow distribution during postexercise hypotension in humans. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 719-724
37 Williamson JW, Querry R, McColl R, Mathews D. Are decreases in insular regional cerebral blood flow sustained during postexercise hypotension?. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 574-580