Contemporary Management of Pulmonary Embolism: Review of the Inferior Vena Cava filter and Other Endovascular Devices

Abstract

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters and endovascular devices are used to mitigate the risk of pulmonary embolism in patients presenting with lower extremity venous thromboembolism in whom long-term anticoagulation is not a good option. However, the efficacy and benefit of these devices remain uncertain, and controversies exist. This review focuses on the current use of IVC filters and other endovascular therapies in clinical practice. The indications, risks, and benefits are discussed based on current data. Further research and randomized controlled trials are needed to characterize the patient population that would benefit most from these interventional therapies.

Keywords

IVC filter - thrombectomy - pulmonary embolism - thrombolysis - catheter-based interventions

Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
23. April 2024

• References

• 1 Lehnert P, Lange T, Møller CH, Olsen PS, Carlsen J. Acute pulmonary embolism in a national Danish cohort: increasing incidence and decreasing mortality. Thromb Haemost 2018; 118 (03) 539-546
• 2 Galanaud JP, Laroche JP, Righini M. The history and historical treatments of deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 (03) 402-411
• 3 Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J. et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2016; 149 (02) 315-352
• 4 Mobin-Uddin K, Callard GM, Bolooki H, Rubinson R, Michie D, Jude JR. Transvenous caval interruption with umbrella filter. N Engl J Med 1972; 286 (02) 55-58
• 5 Fletcher AP, Alkjaersig N, Smyrniotis FE, Sherry S. The treatment of patients suffering from early myocardial infarction with massive and prolonged streptokinase therapy. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1958; 71: 287-296
• 6 Goldhaber SZ, Visani L, De Rosa M. Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER). Lancet 1999; 353 (9162): 1386-1389
• 7 Vanni S, Nazerian P, Pepe G. et al. Comparison of two prognostic models for acute pulmonary embolism: clinical vs. right ventricular dysfunction-guided approach. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9 (10) 1916-1923
• 8 Kreit JW. The impact of right ventricular dysfunction on the prognosis and therapy of normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism. Chest 2004; 125 (04) 1539-1545
• 9 Jiménez D, Kopecna D, Tapson V. et al; On Behalf Of The Protect Investigators. Derivation and validation of multimarker prognostication for normotensive patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189 (06) 718-726
• 10 Jaff MR, McMurtry MS, Archer SL. et al; American Heart Association Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation, American Heart Association Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, American Heart Association Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123 (16) 1788-1830
• 11 Konstantinides SV, Vicaut E, Danays T. et al. Impact of thrombolytic therapy on the long-term outcome of intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69 (12) 1536-1544
• 12 Giri J, Sista AK, Weinberg I. et al. Interventional therapies for acute pulmonary embolism: current status and principles for the development of novel evidence: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 140 (20) e774-e801
• 13 Meyer G, Vicaut E, Danays T. et al; PEITHO Investigators. Fibrinolysis for patients with intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2014; 370 (15) 1402-1411
• 14 Schmitz-Rode T, Kilbinger M, Günther RW. Simulated flow pattern in massive pulmonary embolism: significance for selective intrapulmonary thrombolysis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1998; 21 (03) 199-204
• 15 Planer D, Yanko S, Matok I. et al. Catheter-directed thrombolysis compared with systemic thrombolysis and anticoagulation in patients with intermediate- or high-risk pulmonary embolism: systematic review and network meta-analysis. CMAJ 2023; 195 (24) E833-E843
• 16 Braaten JV, Goss RA, Francis CW. Ultrasound reversibly disaggregates fibrin fibers. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78 (03) 1063-1068
• 17 Engelberger RP, Spirk D, Willenberg T. et al. Ultrasound-assisted versus conventional catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8 (01) e002027
• 18 Kucher N, Boekstegers P, Müller OJ. et al. Randomized, controlled trial of ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism. Circulation 2014; 129 (04) 479-486
• 19 Piazza G, Hohlfelder B, Jaff MR. et al; SEATTLE II Investigators. A prospective, single-arm, multicenter trial of ultrasound-facilitated, catheter-directed, low-dose fibrinolysis for acute massive and submassive pulmonary embolism: the SEATTLE II study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8 (10) 1382-1392
• 20 Tapson VF, Sterling K, Jones N. et al. A randomized trial of the optimum duration of acoustic pulse thrombolysis procedure in acute intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism: the OPTALYSE PE trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2018; 11 (14) 1401-1410
• 21 Bashir R, Piazza G, Firth B. et al. Effect of pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis on segmental artery occlusions: insights from the RESCUE trial. JACC Adv 2023; 2 (09) 100670
• 22 De Gregorio MA, Guirola JA, Kuo WT. et al. Catheter-directed aspiration thrombectomy and low-dose thrombolysis for patients with acute unstable pulmonary embolism: Prospective outcomes from a PE registry. Int J Cardiol 2019; 287: 106-110
• 23 Indigo System Lightning. Penumbra. Accessed January 1, 2024 at: https://www.penumbrainc.com/
• 24 Pruthi S, Bangalore S. The state of coronary thrombus aspiration. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11 (16) e026849
• 25 Romeu-Prieto JM, Sánchez Casado M, Rodríguez Blanco ML. et al. Aspiration thrombectomy for acute pulmonary embolism with an intermediate-high risk. Med Clín (Barc) 2022; 158 (09) 401-405
• 26 Mathews SJ, Parikh SA, Wu W. et al. Sustained mechanical aspiration thrombectomy for high thrombus burden coronary vessel occlusion: the multicenter CHEETAH study. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2023; 16 (02) e012433
• 27 Raza HA, Horowitz J, Yuriditsky E. Indigo^® Aspiration System for thrombectomy in pulmonary embolism. Future Cardiol 2023; 19 (10) 469-475
• 28 Remillard TC, Kassam Z, Coven M, Mangla A, Lasic Z. Pulmonary embolism complicated with cardiopulmonary arrest treated with combination of thrombolytics and aspiration thrombectomy. JACC Case Rep 2022; 4 (10) 576-580
• 29 Ciampi-Dopazo JJ, Romeu-Prieto JM, Sánchez-Casado M. et al. Aspiration thrombectomy for treatment of acute massive and submassive pulmonary embolism: initial single-center prospective experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018; 29 (01) 101-106
• 30 Toma C, Jaber WA, Weinberg MD. et al. Acute outcomes for the full US cohort of the FLASH mechanical thrombectomy registry in pulmonary embolism. EuroIntervention 2023; 18 (14) 1201-1212
• 31 Behrens G, Bjarnason H. Venous thromboembolic disease: the use of the aspiration thrombectomy device AngioVac. Semin Intervent Radiol 2015; 32 (04) 374-378
• 32 Rajput FA, Du L, Woods M, Jacobson K. Percutaneous vacuum-assisted thrombectomy using AngioVac aspiration system. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2020; 21 (04) 489-493
• 33 Kaufman JA, Barnes GD, Chaer RA. et al. Society of Interventional Radiology clinical practice guideline for inferior vena cava filters in the treatment of patients with venous thromboembolic disease: developed in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, American Heart Association, Society for Vascular Surgery, and Society for Vascular Medicine. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020; 31 (10) 1529-1544
• 34 Kaufman JA, Kinney TB, Streiff MB. et al. Guidelines for the use of retrievable and convertible vena cava filters: report from the Society of Interventional Radiology multidisciplinary consensus conference. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006; 17 (03) 449-459
• 35 DeYoung E, Minocha J. Inferior vena cava filters: guidelines, best practice, and expanding indications. Semin Intervent Radiol 2016; 33 (02) 65-70
• 36 Sarosiek S, Rybin D, Weinberg J, Burke PA, Kasotakis G, Sloan JM. Association between inferior vena cava filter insertion in trauma patients and in-hospital and overall mortality. JAMA Surg 2017; 152 (01) 75-81
• 37 Mellado M, Pijoan JI, Jiménez D. et al; RIETE Investigators. Outcomes associated with inferior vena cava filters among patients with thromboembolic recurrence during anticoagulant therapy. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9 (23) 2440-2448
• 38 White RH, Brunson A, Romano PS, Li Z, Wun T. Outcomes after vena cava filter use in noncancer patients with acute venous thromboembolism: a population-based study. Circulation 2016; 133 (21) 2018-2029
• 39 Stein PD, Matta F, Lawrence FR, Hughes MJ. Inferior vena cava filters in patients with recurrent pulmonary embolism. Am J Med 2019; 132 (01) 88-92
• 40 Patel SH, Patel R. Inferior vena cava filters for recurrent thrombosis: current evidence. Tex Heart Inst J 2007; 34 (02) 187-194
• 41 Stein PD, Matta F, Lawrence FR, Hughes MJ. Usefulness of inferior vena cava filters in unstable patients with acute pulmonary embolism and patients who underwent pulmonary embolectomy. Am J Cardiol 2018; 121 (04) 495-500
• 42 Stein PD, Matta F, Keyes DC, Willyerd GL. Impact of vena cava filters on in-hospital case fatality rate from pulmonary embolism. Am J Med 2012; 125 (05) 478-484
• 43 Stein PD, Matta F. Vena cava filters in unstable elderly patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Med 2014; 127 (03) 222-225
• 44 Balabhadra S, Kuban JD, Lee S. et al. Association of inferior vena cava filter placement with rates of pulmonary embolism in patients with cancer and acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3 (07) e2011079-e2011079
• 45 Geerts WH, Code KI, Jay RM, Chen E, Szalai JP. A prospective study of venous thromboembolism after major trauma. N Engl J Med 1994; 331 (24) 1601-1606
• 46 Ho KM, Rao S, Honeybul S. et al. A multicenter trial of vena cava filters in severely injured patients. N Engl J Med 2019; 381 (04) 328-337
• 47 Hemmila MR, Osborne NH, Henke PK. et al. Prophylactic inferior vena cava filter placement does not result in a survival benefit for trauma patients. Ann Surg 2015; 262 (04) 577-585
• 48 Stein PD, Matta F, Hughes MJ. Prophylactic inferior vena cava filters in patients with fractures of the pelvis or long bones. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2018; 9 (02) 175-180
• 49 Greenfield LJ, Proctor MC. Twenty-year clinical experience with the Greenfield filter. Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 3 (02) 199-205
• 50 Minocha J, Smith AM, Kapoor BS. et al; Expert Panel on Interventional Radiology. ACR appropriateness Criteria^® radiologic management of venous thromboembolism-inferior vena cava filters. J Am Coll Radiol 2019; 16 (5S): S214-S226
• 51 Angel LF, Tapson V, Galgon RE, Restrepo MI, Kaufman J. Systematic review of the use of retrievable inferior vena cava filters. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2011; 22 (11) 1522-1530.e3
• 52 Stawicki SP, Sims CA, Sharma R. et al. Vena cava filters: a synopsis of complications and related topics. J Vasc Access 2008; 9 (02) 102-110
• 53 Caplin DM, Nikolic B, Kalva SP, Ganguli S, Saad WE, Zuckerman DA. Society of Interventional Radiology Standards of Practice Committee. Quality improvement guidelines for the performance of inferior vena cava filter placement for the prevention of pulmonary embolism. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2011; 22 (11) 1499-1506
• 54 Pandhi MB, Desai KR, Ryu RK, Lewandowski RJ. The role of inferior vena cava filters in cancer patients. Semin Intervent Radiol 2016; 33 (02) 71-74
• 55 Bistervels IM, Buchmüller A, Tardy B. Inferior vena cava filters in pregnancy: safe or sorry?. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9: 1026002
• 56 Rottenstreich A, Revel-Vilk S, Bloom AI, Kalish Y. Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters in children: a 10-year single center experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62 (11) 1974-1978
• 57 Blevins EM, Glanz K, Huang YS, Raffini L, Shinohara RT, Witmer C. A multicenter cohort study of inferior vena cava filter use in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62 (12) 2089-2093
• 58 Kukreja KU, Gollamudi J, Patel MN, Johnson ND, Racadio JM. Inferior vena cava filters in children: our experience and suggested guidelines. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2011; 33 (05) 334-338
• 59 Gargiulo III NJ, Veith FJ, Lipsitz EC, Suggs WD, Ohki T, Goodman E. Experience with inferior vena cava filter placement in patients undergoing open gastric bypass procedures. J Vasc Surg 2006; 44 (06) 1301-1305
• 60 Hobohm L, Keller K, Münzel T, Gori T, Konstantinides SV. EkoSonic® endovascular system and other catheter-directed treatment reperfusion strategies for acute pulmonary embolism: overview of efficacy and safety outcomes. Expert Rev Med Devices 2020; 17 (08) 739-749
• 61 Al-Otaibi M, Shah NB, Iftikhar O. et al. First-in-human experience of the Bashir Endovascular Catheter in the treatment of iliocaval deep vein thrombosis. Vasc Med 2021; 26 (06) 648-653
• 62 Penumbra system. Penumbra Inc. Penumbra, Inc. Accessed January 20, 2024 at: https://www.penumbrainc.com/products/penumbra-system/
• 63 Mahir Elder M. The search for the holy grail of new PE devices. Endovascular Today. Accessed January 20, 2024 at: https://evtoday.com/articles/2020-july-supplement/the-search-for-the-holy-grail-of-new-pe-devices
• 64 Moriarty JM. Registry of ANGIOVAC procedures in detail: The Rapid Registry. Endovascular Today. Accessed January 20, 2024 at: https://evtoday.com/articles/2020-nov/registry-of-angiovac-procedures-in-detail-the-rapid-registry