Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787011
Post–Intensive Care Syndrome in Neurocritical Care Patients
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/sin/202403/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-s-0044-1787011_20240024-1.jpg)
Abstract
Post–intensive care syndrome (PICS) refers to unintended consequences of critical care that manifest as new or worsening impairments in physical functioning, cognitive ability, or mental health. As intensive care unit (ICU) survival continues to improve, PICS is becoming increasingly recognized as a public health problem. Studies that focus on PICS have typically excluded patients with acute brain injuries and chronic neurodegenerative problems. However, patients who require neurocritical care undoubtedly suffer from impairments that overlap substantially with those encompassed by PICS. A major challenge is to distinguish between impairments related to brain injury and those that occur as a consequence of critical care. The general principles for the prevention and management of PICS and multidomain impairments in patients with moderate and severe neurological injuries are similar including the ICU liberation bundle, multidisciplinary team-based care throughout the continuum of care, and increasing awareness regarding the challenges of critical care survivorship among patients, families, and multidisciplinary team members. An extension of this concept, PICS-Family (PICS-F) refers to the mental health consequences of the intensive care experience for families and loved ones of ICU survivors. A dyadic approach to ICU survivorship with an emphasis on recognizing families and caregivers that may be at risk of developing PICS-F after neurocritical care illness can help improve outcomes for ICU survivors. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of PICS and PICS-F, emerging literature on PICS in severe acute brain injury, strategies for preventing and treating PICS, and share our recommendations for future directions.
Keywords
post intensive care syndrome - intensive care - neurological intensive care - critical illnessPublication History
Article published online:
19 June 2024
© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
-
References
- 1 Needham DM, Davidson J, Cohen H. et al. Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders' conference. Crit Care Med 2012; 40 (02) 502-509
- 2 Martillo M, Dangayach N, Medicine LT. et al. Postintensive care syndrome in survivors of critical illness related to coronavirus disease 2019: cohort study from a New York City Critical Care Recovery Clinic. Crit Care Med 2021; 49 (09) 1427-1428
- 3 Pandharipande P, Williams Roberson S, Harrison FE, Wilson JE, Bastarache JA, Ely EW. Mitigating neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19-related critical illness. Lancet Respir Med 2023; 11 (08) 726-738
- 4 Haines KJ, Hibbert E, McPeake J. et al. Prediction models for physical, cognitive, and mental health impairments after critical illness: a systematic review and critical appraisal. Crit Care Med 2020; 48 (12) 1871-1880
- 5 Davydow DS, Gifford JM, Desai SV, Needham DM, Bienvenu OJ. Posttraumatic stress disorder in general intensive care unit survivors: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2008; 30 (05) 421-434
- 6 Davydow DS, Gifford JM, Desai SV, Bienvenu OJ, Needham DM. Depression in general intensive care unit survivors: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35 (05) 796-809
- 7 Jackson J, Pandharipande P, Girard T. Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and functional disability in survivors of critical illness in the BRAIN-ICU study: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2 (05) 369-379
- 8 Putowski Z, Rachfalska N, Majewska K, Megger K, Krzych Ł. Identification of risk factors for post-intensive care syndrome in family members (PICS-F) among adult patients: a systematic review. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 2023; 55 (03) 168-178
- 9 One-Year Outcomes in Caregivers of Critically Ill Patients | NEJM. Accessed April 30, 2024 at: https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1511160
- 10 Davidson JE, Jones C, Bienvenu OJ. Family response to critical illness: postintensive care syndrome-family. Crit Care Med 2012; 40 (02) 618-624
- 11 Marra A, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP, Patel MB. The ABCDEF bundle in critical care. Crit Care Clin 2017; 33 (02) 225-243
- 12 Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (09) e825-e873
- 13 Puntillo KA, Max A, Timsit JF. et al. Determinants of procedural pain intensity in the intensive care unit. The Europain® study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189 (01) 39-47
- 14 Riker RR, Fugate JE. Participants in the international multi-disciplinary consensus conference on multimodality monitoring. Clinical monitoring scales in acute brain injury: assessment of coma, pain, agitation, and delirium. Neurocrit Care 2014; 21 (suppl 2): S27-S37
- 15 Kyranou M, Puntillo K. The transition from acute to chronic pain: might intensive care unit patients be at risk?. Ann Intensive Care 2012; 2 (01) 36
- 16 Docherty C, McPeake J, Quasim T. et al. The relationship between pain, anxiety and depression in patients with post-intensive care syndrome. J Crit Care 2023; 78: 154359
- 17 Battle CE, Lovett S, Hutchings H. Chronic pain in survivors of critical illness: a retrospective analysis of incidence and risk factors. Crit Care 2013; 17 (03) R101
- 18 Kemp HI, Laycock H, Costello A, Brett SJ. Chronic pain in critical care survivors: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123 (02) e372-e384
- 19 Bourdiol A, Legros V, Vardon-Bounes F. et al; ALGO-RÉA Study Group, Atlanréa Group, Société Française d'Anesthésie-Réanimation–SFAR Research Network. Prevalence and risk factors of significant persistent pain symptoms after critical care illness: a prospective multicentric study. Crit Care 2023; 27 (01) 199
- 20 Koster-Brouwer ME, Rijsdijk M, van Os WKM. et al. Occurrence and risk factors of chronic pain after critical illness. Crit Care Med 2020; 48 (05) 680-687
- 21 Tsaousi GG, Logan SW, Bilotta F. Postoperative pain control following craniotomy: a systematic review of recent clinical literature. Pain Pract 2017; 17 (07) 968-981
- 22 Echegaray-Benites C, Kapoustina O, Gélinas C. Validation of the use of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) with brain surgery patients in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2014; 30 (05) 257-265
- 23 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5TM. 5th ed.. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.; 2013: 947
- 24 Hayhurst CJ, Marra A, Han JH. et al. Association of hypoactive and hyperactive delirium with cognitive function after critical illness. Crit Care Med 2020; 48 (06) e480-e488
- 25 Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR. et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA 2001; 286 (21) 2703-2710
- 26 Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y. Intensive care delirium screening checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27 (05) 859-864
- 27 O'Regan NA, Ryan DJ, Boland E. et al. Attention! A good bedside test for delirium?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85 (10) 1122-1131
- 28 Burton JK, Craig LE, Yong SQ. et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 7 (07) CD013307
- 29 Wiener J, McIntyre A, Janzen S, Mirkowski M, MacKenzie HM, Teasell R. Opioids and cerebral physiology in the acute management of traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Brain Inj 2019; 33 (05) 559-566
- 30 Krewulak KD, Stelfox HT, Leigh JP, Ely EW, Fiest KM. Incidence and prevalence of delirium subtypes in an adult ICU: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (12) 2029-2035
- 31 Nielsen HB. Systematic review of near-infrared spectroscopy determined cerebral oxygenation during non-cardiac surgery. Front Physiol 2014; 5: 93
- 32 Patel MB, Bednarik J, Lee P. et al. Delirium monitoring in neurocritically ill patients: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (11) 1832-1841
- 33 Girard TD, Thompson JL, Pandharipande PP. et al. Clinical phenotypes of delirium during critical illness and severity of subsequent long-term cognitive impairment: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2018; 6 (03) 213-222
- 34 Shi Q, Presutti R, Selchen D, Saposnik G. Delirium in acute stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 2012; 43 (03) 645-649
- 35 Reznik ME, Drake J, Margolis SA. et al. Deconstructing poststroke delirium in a prospective cohort of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 2020; 48 (01) 111-118
- 36 Maneewong J, Maneeton B, Maneeton N. et al. Delirium after a traumatic brain injury: predictors and symptom patterns. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13: 459-465
- 37 Han SJ, Suh JH, Lee JY, Kim SJ. Delirium after traumatic brain injury: prediction by location and size of brain lesion. Ann Rehabil Med 2023; 47 (03) 214-221
- 38 Pandharipande PP, Ely EW, Arora RC. et al. The intensive care delirium research agenda: a multinational, interprofessional perspective. Intensive Care Med 2017; 43 (09) 1329-1339
- 39 Luetz A, Weiss B, Boettcher S, Burmeister J, Wernecke KD, Spies C. Routine delirium monitoring is independently associated with a reduction of hospital mortality in critically ill surgical patients: a prospective, observational cohort study. J Crit Care 2016; 35: 168-173
- 40 Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC. et al; BRAIN-ICU Study Investigators. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (14) 1306-1316
- 41 Ely EW. The ABCDEF bundle: science and philosophy of how ICU liberation serves patients and families. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (02) 321-330
- 42 Kram BL, Kram SJ, Brooks KR. BL. Implications of atypical antipsychotic prescribing in the intensive care unit. J Crit Care 2015; 30 (04) 814-818
- 43 Riker RR, Fraser GL, Simmons LE, Wilkins ML. Validating the sedation-agitation scale with the bispectral index and visual analog scale in adult ICU patients after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27 (05) 853-858
- 44 Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ. et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166 (10) 1338-1344
- 45 Hiser SL, Fatima A, Ali M, Needham DM. Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS): recent updates. J Intensive Care 2023; 11 (01) 23
- 46 Lee M, Kang J, Jeong YJ. Risk factors for post-intensive care syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aust Crit Care 2020; 33 (03) 287-294
- 47 Kawakami D, Fujitani S, Koga H. et al. Evaluation of the impact of ABCDEF bundle compliance rates on postintensive care syndrome: a secondary analysis study. Crit Care Med 2023; 51 (12) 1685-1696
- 48 Riker RR, Shehabi Y, Bokesch PM. et al; SEDCOM (Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Compared With Midazolam) Study Group. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial. JAMA 2009; 301 (05) 489-499
- 49 Ng KT, Shubash CJ, Chong JS. The effect of dexmedetomidine on delirium and agitation in patients in intensive care: systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Anaesthesia 2019; 74 (03) 380-392
- 50 Hughes CG, Mailloux PT, Devlin JW. et al; MENDS2 Study Investigators. Dexmedetomidine or propofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults with sepsis. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (15) 1424-1436
- 51 Shehabi Y, Howe BD, Bellomo R. et al; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group and the SPICE III Investigators. Early sedation with dexmedetomidine in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2019; 380 (26) 2506-2517
- 52 Kress JP, Hall JB. ICU-acquired weakness and recovery from critical illness. N Engl J Med 2014; 370 (17) 1626-1635
- 53 Schefold JC, Wollersheim T, Grunow JJ, Luedi MM, Z'Graggen WJ, Weber-Carstens S. Muscular weakness and muscle wasting in the critically ill. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11 (06) 1399-1412
- 54 Jolley SE, Bunnell AE, Hough CL. ICU-acquired weakness. Chest 2016; 150 (05) 1129-1140
- 55 De Jonghe B, Sharshar T, Lefaucheur JP. et al; Groupe de Réflexion et d'Etude des Neuromyopathies en Réanimation. Paresis acquired in the intensive care unit: a prospective multicenter study. JAMA 2002; 288 (22) 2859-2867
- 56 Puthucheary Z, Rawal J, Connolly B. et al. Serial muscle ultrasound can detect acute muscle loss in multi-organ failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: A2376
- 57 Fazzini B, Märkl T, Costas C. et al. The rate and assessment of muscle wasting during critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2023; 27 (01) 2
- 58 Yang T, Li Z, Jiang L, Xi X. Corticosteroid use and intensive care unit-acquired weakness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2018; 22 (01) 187
- 59 Kumar MA, Romero FG, Dharaneeswaran K. Early mobilization in neurocritical care patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 2020; 26 (02) 147-154
- 60 Eggmann S, Luder G, Verra ML, Irincheeva I, Bastiaenen CHG, Jakob SM. Functional ability and quality of life in critical illness survivors with intensive care unit acquired weakness: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2020; 15 (03) e0229725
- 61 AVERT Trial Collaboration Group. Efficacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 h of stroke onset (AVERT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 386 (9988) 46-55
- 62 Stickgold R. Neuroscience: a memory boost while you sleep. Nature 2006; 444 (7119) 559-560
- 63 LaBuzetta JN, Hirshman BR, Malhotra A, Owens RL, Kamdar BB. Practices and patterns of hourly neurochecks: analysis of 8,936 patients with neurological injury. J Intensive Care Med 2022; 37 (06) 784-792
- 64 Altman MT, Knauert MP, Pisani MA. Sleep disturbance after hospitalization and critical illness: a systematic review. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017; 14 (09) 1457-1468
- 65 Cooper AB, Thornley KS, Young GB, Slutsky AS, Stewart TE, Hanly PJ. Sleep in critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Chest 2000; 117 (03) 809-818
- 66 Gabor JY, Cooper AB, Crombach SA. et al. Contribution of the intensive care unit environment to sleep disruption in mechanically ventilated patients and healthy subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167 (05) 708-715
- 67 Patel SB, Poston JT, Pohlman A, Hall JB, Kress JP. Rapidly reversible, sedation-related delirium versus persistent delirium in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189 (06) 658-665
- 68 Roche-Campo F, Thille AW, Drouot X. et al. Comparison of sleep quality with mechanical versus spontaneous ventilation during weaning of critically III tracheostomized patients. Crit Care Med 2013; 41 (07) 1637-1644
- 69 Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B. et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA 2004; 291 (14) 1753-1762
- 70 Thomason JWW, Shintani A, Peterson JF, Pun BT, Jackson JC, Ely EW. Intensive care unit delirium is an independent predictor of longer hospital stay: a prospective analysis of 261 non-ventilated patients. Crit Care 2005; 9 (04) R375-R381
- 71 Van Rompaey B, Elseviers MM, Van Drom W, Fromont V, Jorens PG. The effect of earplugs during the night on the onset of delirium and sleep perception: a randomized controlled trial in intensive care patients. Crit Care 2012; 16 (03) R73
- 72 Le Guen M, Nicolas-Robin A, Lebard C, Arnulf I, Langeron O. Earplugs and eye masks vs routine care prevent sleep impairment in post-anaesthesia care unit: a randomized study. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112 (01) 89-95
- 73 Nishikimi M, Numaguchi A, Takahashi K. et al. Effect of administration of ramelteon, a melatonin receptor agonist, on the duration of stay in the ICU: a single-center randomized placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (07) 1099-1105
- 74 Alexopoulou C, Kondili E, Diamantaki E. et al. Effects of dexmedetomidine on sleep quality in critically ill patients: a pilot study. Anesthesiology 2014; 121 (04) 801-807
- 75 Paul T, Lemmer B. Disturbance of circadian rhythms in analgosedated intensive care unit patients with and without craniocerebral injury. Chronobiol Int 2007; 24 (01) 45-61
- 76 Sleep in the neurological intensive care unit: feasibility of quantifying sleep after melatonin supplementation with environmental light and noise reduction. Accessed April 30, 2024 at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25647773/
- 77 Duclos C, Dumont M, Blais H. et al. Rest-activity cycle disturbances in the acute phase of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2014; 28 (05) 472-482
- 78 Appleton RT, Kinsella J, Quasim T. The incidence of intensive care unit-acquired weakness syndromes: a systematic review. J Intensive Care Soc 2015; 16 (02) 126-136
- 79 Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F, Van den Berghe G. Clinical review: critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Crit Care 2008; 12 (06) 238
- 80 Fan E, Cheek F, Chlan L. et al; ATS Committee on ICU-acquired Weakness in Adults, American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice guideline: the diagnosis of intensive care unit-acquired weakness in adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190 (12) 1437-1446
- 81 Guarneri B, Bertolini G, Latronico N. Long-term outcome in patients with critical illness myopathy or neuropathy: the Italian Multicentre CRIMYNE study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79 (07) 838-841
- 82 Turnbull AE, Rabiee A, Davis WE. et al. Outcome measurement in ICU survivorship research from 1970 to 2013: a scoping review of 425 publications. Crit Care Med 2016; 44 (07) 1267-1277
- 83 Solverson KJ, Grant C, Doig CJ. Assessment and predictors of physical functioning post-hospital discharge in survivors of critical illness. Ann Intensive Care 2016; 6 (01) 92
- 84 Fan E, Cheek F, Chlan L. et al; ATS Committee on ICU-acquired Weakness in Adults, American Thoracic Society. An official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice guideline: the diagnosis of intensive care unit-acquired weakness in adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190 (12) 1437-1446
- 85 Needham DM, Sepulveda KA, Dinglas VD. et al. Core outcome measures for clinical research in acute respiratory failure survivors. An international modified Delphi consensus study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196 (09) 1122-1130
- 86 Brummel NE, Balas MC, Morandi A, Ferrante LE, Gill TM, Ely EW. Understanding and reducing disability in older adults following critical illness. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (06) 1265-1275
- 87 Sarre S, Redlich C, Tinker A. et al. A systematic review of qualitative studies on adjusting after stroke: lessons for the study of resilience. Disabil Rehabil 2015; 36 (09) 716-726
- 88 Burke E, Dodakian L, See J. et al. A multimodal approach to understanding motor impairment and disability after stroke. J Neurol 2014; 261 (06) 1178-1186
- 89 Suenkeler IH, Nowak M, Misselwitz B. et al. Time course of health-related quality of life as determined 3, 6 and 12 months after stroke. Relationship to neurological deficit, disability and depression. J Neurol 2002; 249 (09) 1160-1167
- 90 Kosty J, Macyszyn L, Lai K, McCroskery J, Park HR, Stein SC. Relating quality of life to Glasgow outcome scale health states. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29 (07) 1322-1327
- 91 Guidelines for the Management of Severe TBI. 4th ed.. Brain Trauma Foundation; . Accessed April 30, 24 at: https://braintrauma.org/coma/guidelines/guidelines-for-the-management-of-severe-tbi-4th-ed
- 92 Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R. et al; American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2016; 47 (06) e98-e169
- 93 Gershon RC, Rothrock N, Hanrahan R, Bass M, Cella D. The use of PROMIS and assessment center to deliver patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research. J Appl Meas 2010; 11 (03) 304-314
- 94 Schlichter E, Lopez O, Scott R. et al. Feasibility of nurse-led multidimensional outcome assessments in the neuroscience intensive care unit. Crit Care Nurse 2020; 40 (03) e1-e8
- 95 Gottesman RF, Hillis AE. Predictors and assessment of cognitive dysfunction resulting from ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9 (09) 895-905
- 96 Benedictus MR, Hochart A, Rossi C. et al. Prognostic factors for cognitive decline after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2015; 46 (10) 2773-2778
- 97 Mayer SA, Kreiter KT, Copeland D. et al. Global and domain-specific cognitive impairment and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 2002; 59 (11) 1750-1758
- 98 Al-Khindi T, Macdonald RL, Schweizer TA. Cognitive and functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2010; 41 (08) e519-e536
- 99 Dikmen SS, Machamer JE, Powell JM, Temkin NR. Outcome 3 to 5 years after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84 (10) 1449-1457
- 100 Naidech AM, Beaumont JL, Rosenberg NF. et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage and delirium symptoms. Length of stay, function, and quality of life in a 114-patient cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188 (11) 1331-1337
- 101 De Marchis GM, Pugin D, Meyers E. et al. Seizure burden in subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with functional and cognitive outcome. Neurology 2016; 86 (03) 253-260
- 102 Foreman B, Lee H, Mizrahi MA. et al. Seizures and cognitive outcome after traumatic brain injury: a post hoc analysis. Neurocrit Care 2022; 36 (01) 130-138
- 103 Naidech AM, Kreiter KT, Janjua N. et al. Phenytoin exposure is associated with functional and cognitive disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2005; 36 (03) 583-587
- 104 Naidech AM, Beaumont J, Muldoon K. et al. Prophylactic seizure medication and health-related quality of life after intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (09) 1480-1485
- 105 Chan B, Butler E, Frost SA, Chuan A, Aneman A. Cerebrovascular autoregulation monitoring and patient-centred outcomes after cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2018; 62 (05) 588-599
- 106 Witsch J, Frey HP, Patel S. et al. Prognostication of long-term outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the FRESH score. Ann Neurol 2016; 80 (01) 46-58
- 107 Nelson LD, Ranson J, Ferguson AR. et al. Validating multidimensional outcome assessment using the TBI common data elements: an analysis of the TRACK-TBI pilot sample. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34 (22) 3158-3172
- 108 Ryu WS, Lee SH, Kim CK, Kim BJ, Yoon BW. Body mass index, initial neurological severity and long-term mortality in ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2011; 32 (02) 170-176
- 109 Dowdy DW, Dinglas V, Mendez-Tellez PA. et al. Intensive care unit hypoglycemia predicts depression during early recovery from acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2008; 36 (10) 2726-2733
- 110 Davydow DS, Hough CL, Langa KM, Iwashyna TJ. Depressive symptoms in spouses of older patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2012; 40 (08) 2335-2341
- 111 Mikkelsen ME, Christie JD, Lanken PN. et al. The adult respiratory distress syndrome cognitive outcomes study: long-term neuropsychological function in survivors of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185 (12) 1307-1315
- 112 Jones C, Bäckman C, Capuzzo M, Flaatten H, Rylander C, Griffiths RD. Precipitants of post-traumatic stress disorder following intensive care: a hypothesis generating study of diversity in care. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33 (06) 978-985
- 113 Samuelson KA, Lundberg D, Fridlund B. Stressful memories and psychological distress in adult mechanically ventilated intensive care patients - a 2-month follow-up study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51 (06) 671-678
- 114 Adhikari NKJ, Tansey CM, McAndrews MP. et al. Self-reported depressive symptoms and memory complaints in survivors five years after ARDS. Chest 2011; 140 (06) 1484-1493
- 115 Schwitzer E, Jensen KS, Brinkman L. et al. Survival ≠ Recovery: A narrative review of post-intensive care syndrome. Chest Crit Care 2023; 1 (01) 100003
- 116 Myhren H, Ekeberg O, Tøien K, Karlsson S, Stokland O. Posttraumatic stress, anxiety and depression symptoms in patients during the first year post intensive care unit discharge. Crit Care 2010; 14 (01) R14
- 117 Yehuda R. Post-traumatic stress disorder. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 (02) 108-114
- 118 Parker AM, Sricharoenchai T, Raparla S, Schneck KW, Bienvenu OJ, Needham DM. Posttraumatic stress disorder in critical illness survivors: a metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (05) 1121-1129
- 119 Choi KW, Shaffer KM, Zale EL. et al. Early risk and resiliency factors predict chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in caregivers of patients admitted to a neuroscience ICU. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (05) 713-719
- 120 Francis BA, Beaumont J, Maas MB. et al. Depressive symptom prevalence after intracerebral hemorrhage: a multi-center study. J Patient Rep Outcomes 2018; 2 (01) 55
- 121 Christensen MC, Mayer SA, Ferran J-M, Kissela B. Depressed mood after intracerebral hemorrhage: the FAST trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 27 (04) 353-360
- 122 Tang WK, Wang L, Kwok Chu Wong G. et al. Depression after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. J Stroke 2020; 22 (01) 11-28
- 123 Scholten AC, Haagsma JA, Cnossen MC, Olff M, van Beeck EF, Polinder S. Prevalence of and risk factors for anxiety and depressive disorders after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33 (22) 1969-1994
- 124 Van Praag DLG, Cnossen MC, Polinder S, Wilson L, Maas AIR. Post-traumatic stress disorder after civilian traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence rates. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36 (23) 3220-3232
- 125 Hütter B-O, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I. Subarachnoid hemorrhage as a psychological trauma. J Neurosurg 2014; 120 (04) 923-930
- 126 Visser-Meily JMA, Rinkel GJ, Vergouwen MD, Passier PE, van Zandvoort MJ, Post MW. Post-traumatic stress disorder in patients 3 years after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 36 (02) 126-130
- 127 Noble AJ, Schenk T. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the family and friends of patients who have suffered spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2008; 109 (06) 1027-1033
- 128 Garton ALA, Sisti JA, Gupta VP, Christophe BR, Connolly Jr ES. Poststroke post-traumatic stress disorder: a review. Stroke 2017; 48 (02) 507-512
- 129 Medeiros GC, Roy D, Kontos N, Beach SR. Post-stroke depression: a 2020 updated review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2020; 66: 70-80
- 130 Shi Y, Yang D, Zeng Y, Wu W. Risk factors for post-stroke depression: a meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9: 218
- 131 Swoboda SM, Lipsett PA. Impact of a prolonged surgical critical illness on patients' families. Am J Crit Care 2002; 11 (05) 459-466
- 132 Davidson JE, Harvey MA. Patient and family post-intensive care syndrome. AACN Adv Crit Care 2016; 27 (02) 184-186
- 133 Padilla Fortunatti CF. Most important needs of family members of critical patients in light of the critical care family needs inventory. Invest Educ Enferm 2014; 32 (02) 306-316
- 134 Davidson JE, Aslakson RA, Long AC. et al. Guidelines for family-centered care in the neonatal, pediatric, and adult ICU. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (01) 103-128
- 135 Curtis JR, Tonelli MR. Shared decision-making in the ICU: value, challenges, and limitations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183 (07) 840-841
- 136 Muehlschlegel S, Perman SM, Elmer J. et al. The experiences and needs of families of comatose patients after cardiac arrest and severe neurotrauma: the perspectives of national key stakeholders during a National Institutes of Health-funded workshop. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4 (03) e0648
- 137 Alfheim HB, Rosseland LA, Hofsø K, Småstuen MC, Rustøen T. Multiple symptoms in family caregivers of intensive care unit patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2018; 55 (02) 387-394
- 138 Siegel MD, Hayes E, Vanderwerker LC, Loseth DB, Prigerson HG. Psychiatric illness in the next of kin of patients who die in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2008; 36 (06) 1722-1728
- 139 Salasky V, Jaffa MN, Motta M, Parikh GY. Neurocritical care recovery clinics: an idea whose time has come. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023; 23 (04) 159-166
- 140 Hwang DY, Yagoda D, Perrey HM. et al. Anxiety and depression symptoms among families of adult intensive care unit survivors immediately following brief length of stay. J Crit Care 2014; 29 (02) 278-282
- 141 Tsiakiri A, Vlotinou P, Paschalidou A. et al. A scoping review on coping strategies and quality of life of stroke caregivers: often underestimated variables in stroke recovery process?. BioMed 2023; 3: 349-368
- 142 Pucciarelli G, Lyons KS, Petrizzo A. et al. Protective role of caregiver preparedness on the relationship between depression and quality of life in stroke dyads. Stroke 2022; 53 (01) 145-153
- 143 Gries CJ, Engelberg RA, Kross EK. et al. Predictors of symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression in family members after patient death in the ICU. Chest 2010; 137 (02) 280-287
- 144 Anderson WG, Arnold RM, Angus DC, Bryce CL. Posttraumatic stress and complicated grief in family members of patients in the intensive care unit. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23 (11) 1871-1876
- 145 Pankrath AL, Weißflog G, Mehnert A. et al. The relation between dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction in couples dealing with haematological cancer. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2018; 27 (01) DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12595.
- 146 Berg CA, Upchurch R. A developmental-contextual model of couples coping with chronic illness across the adult life span. Psychol Bull 2007; 133 (06) 920-954
- 147 Haines KJ, Denehy L, Skinner EH, Warrillow S, Berney S. Psychosocial outcomes in informal caregivers of the critically ill: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (05) 1112-1120
- 148 Arslanian-Engoren C, Scott LD. The lived experience of survivors of prolonged mechanical ventilation: a phenomenological study. Heart Lung 2003; 32 (05) 328-334
- 149 Ahmed FR, Attia AK, Mansour H, Megahed M. Outcomes of family-centred auditory and tactile stimulation implementation on traumatic brain injured patients. Nurs Open 2023; 10 (03) 1601-1610
- 150 Moore CD, Bernardini GL, Hinerman R. et al. The effect of a family support intervention on physician, nurse, and family perceptions of care in the surgical, neurological, and medical intensive care units. Crit Care Nurs Q 2012; 35 (04) 378-387
- 151 Haines KJ, McPeake J, Hibbert E. et al. Enablers and barriers to implementing ICU follow-up clinics and peer support groups following critical illness: The thrive collaboratives. Crit Care Med 2019; 47 (09) 1194-1200
- 152 Haines KJ, Sevin CM, Hibbert E. et al. Key mechanisms by which post-ICU activities can improve in-ICU care: results of the international THRIVE collaboratives. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45 (07) 939-947
- 153 Schrag D, Xu F, Hanger M, Elkin E, Bickell NA, Bach PB. Fragmentation of care for frequently hospitalized urban residents. Med Care 2006; 44 (06) 560-567
- 154 Bose S, Groat D, Dinglas VD. et al; Addressing Post-Intensive Care Syndrome (APICS-01) Study Team. Association between unmet nonmedication needs after hospital discharge and readmission or death among acute respiratory failure survivors: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med 2023; 51 (02) 212-221
- 155 Danesh V, Boehm LM, Eaton TL. et al. Characteristics of post-ICU and post-COVID recovery clinics in 29 U.S. health systems. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4 (03) e0658
- 156 Sevin CM, Boehm LM, Hibbert E. et al. Optimizing critical illness recovery: perspectives and solutions from the caregivers of ICU survivors. Crit Care Explor 2021; 3 (05) e0420
- 157 Sevin CM, Bloom SL, Jackson JC, Wang L, Ely EW, Stollings JL. Comprehensive care of ICU survivors: development and implementation of an ICU recovery center. J Crit Care 2018; 46: 141-148
- 158 Butcher BW, Eaton TL, Montgomery-Yates AA, Sevin CM. Meeting the challenges of establishing intensive care unit follow-up clinics. Am J Crit Care 2022; 31 (04) 324-328
- 159 Jalilian L, Cannesson M, Kamdar N. Post-ICU recovery clinics in the era of digital health and telehealth. Crit Care Med 2019; 47 (09) e796-e797
- 160 McPeake J, Hirshberg EL, Christie LM. et al. Models of peer support to remediate post-intensive care syndrome: a report developed by the society of critical care medicine thrive international peer support collaborative. Crit Care Med 2019; 47 (01) e21-e27
- 161 McPeake J, Boehm LM, Hibbert E. et al. Key components of ICU recovery programs: What did patients report provided benefit?. Crit Care Explor 2020; 2 (04) e0088
- 162 Farias FAC, Dagostini CM, Bicca YA, Falavigna VF, Falavigna A. Remote patient monitoring: a systematic review. Telemed J E Health 2020; 26 (05) 576-583
- 163 Tabacof L, Wood J, Mohammadi N. et al. Remote patient monitoring identifies the need for triage in patients with acute COVID-19 infection. Telemed J E Health 2022; 28 (04) 495-500
- 164 Wootton R. Twenty years of telemedicine in chronic disease management – an evidence synthesis. J Telemed Telecare 2012; 18 (04) 211-220
- 165 A smartphone application for reporting symptoms in adults with cystic fibrosis improves the detection of exacerbations: results of a randomised controlled trial - PubMed. Accessed April 30, 2024 at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31522924/
- 166 Kuan PX, Chan WK, Fern Ying DK. et al. Efficacy of telemedicine for the management of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Digit Health 2022; 4 (09) e676-e691
- 167 Sim I. Mobile devices and health. N Engl J Med 2019; 381 (10) 956-968
- 168 Lu L, Zhang J, Xie Y. et al. Wearable health devices in health care: narrative systematic review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8 (11) e18907
- 169 Ijaz SH, Shah SP, Majithia A. Implantable devices for heart failure monitoring. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 69: 47-53
- 170 Tosto-Mancuso JM, Putrino D, Wood J. et al. Remote patient monitoring of blood pressure is feasible poststroke and can facilitate triage of care. Telemed Rep 2022; 3 (01) 149-155
- 171 Naqvi IA, Strobino K, Kuen Cheung Y. et al. Telehealth after stroke care pilot randomized trial of home blood pressure telemonitoring in an underserved setting. Stroke 2022; 53 (12) 3538-3547