The Case for Ultrasound of Muscles and Tendons

Bruno D. Fornage

doi:10.1055/s-2000-13168

Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology, Table of Contents

Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2000; 4(4): 375-392
DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-13168

The Case for Ultrasound of Muscles and Tendons

Bruno D. Fornage

Professor of Radiology and Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Ultrasound is a highly sensitive technique that can be conveniently employed in the evaluation of muscle lesions of many types, ranging from neuromuscular diseases seen by neurologists to mass lesions and injuries seen by orthopedists. The technique is perhaps underutilized given its utility in these applications compared with other cross-sectional imaging techniques. Particularly when recent developments, such as extended field of view and color Doppler techniques, are integrated, ultrasound becomes highly attractive in the imaging evaluation of various lesions. This article reviews characteristic ultrasound appearances of various muscle and tendon lesions and discusses various newer techniques and interventional applications.

KEYWORD

Ultrasound - muscles - neoplasm - abscess - biopsy

Full Text

References

REFERENCES

1 Fornage B D, Touche D H, Segal P, Rifkin M D. Ultrasonography in the evaluation of muscular trauma. J Ultrasound Med . 1983; 2 549-554
2 Fornage B D, Rifkin M D, Touche D H, Segal P M. Sonography of the patellar tendon: preliminary observations. AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1984; 143 179-182
3 Fornage B D, Schernberg F L, Rifkin M D. Ultrasound examination of the hand. Radiology . 1985; 155 785-788
4 Fornage B D. Achilles tendon: US examination. Radiology . 1986; 159 759-764
5 Fornage B D. Ultrasonography of Muscles and Tendons. Examination Technique and Atlas of Normal Anatomy of the Extremities New York: Springer-Verlag 1988
6 Weng L, Tirumalai A P, Lowery C M. US extended-field-of-view imaging technology. Radiology . 1997; 203 877-880
7 Fornage B D, Atkinson E N, Nock L F, Jones P H. US with extended field of view: phantom-tested accuracy of distance measurements. Radiology . 2000; 214 579-584
8 Barberie J E, Wong A D, Cooperberg P L, Carson B W. Extended field-of-view sonography in musculoskeletal disorders. AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1998; 171 751-757
9 Fornage B D, Touche D H, Rifkin M D. Small parts real-time sonography: a new ``water-path''. J Ultrasound Med . 1984; 3 355-357
10 Fornage B D. Sonography of the extremities [in French]. Paris: Vigot 1991
11 Walton J M, Roberts N, Whitehouse G H. Measurement of the quadriceps femoris muscle using magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging. Br J Sports Med . 1997; 31 59-64
12 Emshoff R, Bertram S, Strobl H. Ultrasonographic cross-sectional characteristics of muscles of the head and neck. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path Oral Radiol Endod . 1999; 87 93-106
13 Hides J A, Richardson C A, Jull G A. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography of the lumbar multifidus muscle. Comparison of two different modalities. Spine . 1995; 20 54-58
14 Rezasoltani A, Malkia E, Vihko V. Neck muscle ultrasonography of male weight-lifters, wrestlers and controls. Scand J Med Sci Sports . 1999; 9 214-218
15 Sipila S, Suominen H. Muscle ultrasonography and computed tomography in elderly trained and untrained women. Muscle Nerve . 1993; 16 294-300
16 Narici M. Human skeletal muscle architecture studied in vivo by non-invasive imaging techniques: functional significance and applications. J Electromyography Kinesiology . 1999; 9 97-103
17 Kawakami Y, Abe T, Fukunaga T. Muscle-fiber pennation angles are greater in hypertrophied than in normal muscles. J Appl Physiol . 1993; 74 2740-2744
18 Kuno S, Fukunaga T. Measurement of muscle fibre displacement during contraction by real-time ultrasonography in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol . 1995; 70 45-48
19 Walker F O, Donofrio P D, Harpold G J, Ferrell W G. Sonographic imaging of muscle contraction and fasciculations: a correlation with electromyography. Muscle Nerve . 1990; 13 33-39
20 Wenzel S, Herrendorf G, Scheel A. Surface EMG and myosonography in the detection of fasciculations: a comparative study. J Neuroimaging . 1998; 8 148-154
21 Newman J S, Adler R S, Rubin J M. Power Doppler sonography: use in measuring alterations in muscle blood volume after exercise. AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1997; 168 1525-1530
22 Fornage B D, Rifkin M D. Ultrasound examination of tendons. Radiol Clin North Am . 1988; 26 87-107
23 Fornage B D, Rifkin M D. Ultrasound examination of the hand and foot. Radiol Clin North Am . 1988; 26 109-129
24 Fornage B D. The tendons. In: Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW (eds) Diagnostic Ultrasound, 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book 1997: 863-883
25 Martinoli C, Derchi L E, Pastorino C, Bertolotto M, Silvestri E. Analysis of echotexture of tendons with US. Radiology . 1993; 186 839-843
26 Fornage B D. The hypoechoic normal tendon: a pitfall. J Ultrasound Med . 1987; 6 19-22
27 Middleton W D, Reinus W R, Totty W G, Melson G L, Murphy W A. US of the biceps tendon apparatus. Radiology . 1985; 157 211-215
28 Middleton W D, Reinus W R, Totty W G, Melson G L, Murphy W A. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the rotator cuff and biceps tendon. J Bone Joint Surg [A] . 1986; 68 440-450
29 Bianchi S, Zwass A, Abdelwahab I F, Banderali A. Diagnosis of tears of the quadriceps tendon of the knee: value of sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1994; 162 1137-1140
30 Blei C L, Nirschl R P, Grant E G. Achilles tendon: US diagnosis of pathologic conditions. Radiology . 1986; 159 765-767
31 Mathieson J R, Connell D G, Cooperberg P L, Lloyd-Smith D R. Sonography of the Achilles tendon and adjacent bursae. AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1988; 151 127-131
32 Kainberger F M, Engel A, Barton P. Injury of the Achilles tendon: diagnosis with sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1990; 155 1031-1036
33 Takebayashi S, Takasawa H, Banzai Y. Sonographic findings in muscle strain injury: Clinical and MR imaging correlation. J Ultrasound Med . 1995; 14 899-905
34 Aspelin P, Ekberg O, Thorsson O, Wilhelmsson M, Westlin N. Ultrasound examination of soft tissue injury of the lower limb in athletes. Am J Sports Med . 1992; 20 601-603
35 Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Abdelwahab I F, Derchi L E, Damiani S. Sonographic evaluation of tears of the gastrocnemius medial head (``tennis leg''). J Ultrasound Med . 1998; 17 157-162
36 Fornage B D, Nerot C. Sonographic diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis. J Clin Ultrasound . 1986; 14 389-392
37 Lamminen A E, Hekali P E, Tiula E, Suramo I, Korhola O A. Acute rhabdomyolysis: evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging compared with computed tomography and ultrasonography. Br J Radiol . 1989; 62 326-331
38 Kullmer K, Sievers K W, Rompe J D, Nagele M, Harland U. Sonography and MRI of experimental muscle injuries. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg . 1997; 116 357-361
39 Lehto M, Alanen A. Healing of a muscle trauma. Correlation of sonographic and histologic findings in an experimental study in rats. J Ultrasound Med . 1987; 6 425-429
40 Bianchi S, Abdelwahab I F, Mazzola C G, Ricci G, Damiani S. Sonographic examination of muscle herniation. J Ultrasound Med . 1995; 14 357-360
41 Fornage B D, Schernberg F L. Sonographic diagnosis of foreign bodies of the distal extremities. AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1986; 147 567-569
42 Mizel M S, Steinmetz N D, Trepman E. Detection of wooden foreign bodies in muscle tissue: experimental comparison of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography. Foot Ankle Int . 1994; 15 437-443
43 Fornage B D, Schernberg F L. Sonographic preoperative localization of a foreign body in the hand. J Ultrasound Med . 1987; 6 217-219
44 Shiels II E W, Babcock D S, Wilson J L, Burch R A. Localization and guided removal of soft-tissue foreign bodies with sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1990; 155 1277-1281
45 Nelson A L, Sinow R M. Real-time ultrasonographically guided removal of nonpalpable and intramuscular Norplant capsules. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 1998; 178 1185-1193
46 Peck R J, Metreweli C. Early myositis ossificans: a new echographic sign. Clin Radiol . 1988; 39 586-588
47 Bodley R, Jamous A, Short D. Ultrasound in the early diagnosis of heterotopic ossification in patients with spinal injuries. Paraplegia . 1993; 31 500-506
48 Quillin S P, McAlister W H. Rapidly progressive pyomyositis. Diagnosis by repeat sonography. J Ultrasound Med . 1991; 10 181-184
49 Rabii R, El Moussaoui A, Rais H. Primary pyogenic abscess of the psoas muscle. Report of 5 cases [in French]. Ann Urol . 1997; 31 361-365
50 Van Sonnenberg E, Wittich G R, Casola G. Sonography of thigh abscess: detection, diagnosis, and drainage. AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1987; 149 769-772
51 Abiri M M, Kirpekar M, Ablow R C. Osteomyelitis: detection with US. Radiology . 1988; 169 795-797
52 Saad H, Hamdi A, Gargouri R. Hydatid cyst of the psoas muscle. Report of three cases [in French]. Ann Chir . 1990; 44 299-301
53 Lamine A, Fikry T, Zryouil B. Primary hydatidosis of the peripheral muscles. 7 case reports [in French]. Acta Orthop Belg . 1993; 59 184-188
54 Alanen A M, Falck B, Kalimo H, Komu M E, Sonninen V H. Ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in myopathies: correlations with electromyography and histopathology. Acta Neurol Scand . 1994; 89 336-346
55 Reimers K, Reimers C D, Wagner S, Paetzke I, Pongratz D E. Skeletal muscle sonography: a correlative study of echogenicity and morphology. J Ultrasound Med . 1993; 12 73-77
56 Reimers C D, Fleckenstein J L, Witt T N, Müller-Felber W, Pongratz D E. Muscular ultrasound in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies of adults. J Neurol Sci . 1993; 116 82-92
57 Lindequist S, Larsen C, Daa Schroder H. Ultrasound guided needle biopsy of skeletal muscle in neuromuscular disease. Acta Radiol . 1990; 31 411-413
58 Fornage B D. Soft tissue masses: the underutilization of sonography. Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology . 1999; 3 115-133
59 Sintzoff Jr A S, Gillard I, Van Gansbeke D. Ultrasound evaluation of soft tissue tumors. J Belge Radiol . 1992; 75 276-280
60 Fornage B D, Tassin G B. Sonographic appearances of superficial soft-tissue lipomas. J Clin Ultrasound . 1991; 19 215-220
61 Derchi L E, Balconi G, De Flaviis L, Oliva A, Rosso F. Sonographic appearances of hemangiomas of skeletal muscle. J Ultrasound Med . 1989; 8 263-267
62 Fornage B D, Romsdahl M M. Intramuscular myxoma: sonographic appearance and sonographically guided needle biopsy. J Ultrasound Med . 1994; 13 91-94
63 Pino G, Conzi G F, Murolo C. Sonographic evaluation of local recurrences of soft tissue sarcomas. J Ultrasound Med . 1993; 12 23-26
64 Choi H, Varma D G, Fornage B D, Kim E E, Johnston D A. Soft-tissue sarcoma: MR imaging vs sonography for detection of local recurrence after surgery. AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1991; 157 353-358
65 Bruneton J N, Drouillard J, Balu-Maestro C. Imaging of malignant lymphoma of muscular sites [in French]. J Radiol . 1990; 71 185-189
66 Arkun R, Memis A, Sevinc E, Ustun E E. Sonographic demonstration of skeletal muscle invasion by lymphoma (letter to the editor). AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1993; 160 1151
67 Gooding G AW. Tenosynovitis of the wrist. A sonographic demonstration. J Ultrasound Med . 1988; 7 225-226
68 Jeffrey Jr B R, Laing F C, Schechter W P, Markison R E, Barton R M. Acute suppurative tenosynovitis of the hand: diagnosis with US. Radiology . 1987; 162 741-742
69 Brophy D P, Cunnane G, Fitzgerald O, Gibney R G. Technical report: ultrasound guidance for injection of soft tissue lesions around the heel in chronic inflammatory arthritis. Clin Radiol . 1995; 50 120-122
70 Bude R O, Adler R S, Bassett D R, Ikeda D M, Rubin J M. Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: detection of xanthomas in the Achilles tendon with US. Radiology . 1993; 188 567-571