Paarbeziehung und Bindung

Zusammenfassung

Hazan u. Shaver [8] haben 1987 das neue Forschungsfeld „Paarbeziehung und Bindung” eröffnet, das weltweit auf zunehmendes Interesse stößt. Methode: 63 Primärstudien über Paarbeziehung und Bindung, die zwischen 1987 und 1997 publiziert wurden, wurden systematisch inhalts-analytisch ausgewertet im Hinblick auf ihre Methodologie (Stichproben, Designs, Methode der Datenerhebung bez. Bindungsstatus und Paarbeziehungsqualität) und ihre Resultate (demographische Daten und Geschlechtseffekte; Intra-Paar-Konkordanz der Bindungsklassifikationen; Korrespondenz zwischen Adult Attachment Interview [AAI] und Current Relationship Interview [CRI]; Assoziationen zwischen Bindung und Beziehungsstabilität bzw. -zufriedenheit/partnerschaftsbezogenen Deutungsmustern/Paar-Interaktion/psychophysiologischen Daten/Sexualität; beziehungsspezifische Effekte; Interaktionen von Bindung, Geschlecht und Beziehungsqualität). Konzeptuelle und methodische Probleme im Hinblick auf die Erfassung von „adult attachment” werden kritisch diskutiert (die zwei „Clubs”: AAI-Forscher und Selbsteinschätzungsfragebogen-Forscher; kategoriale versus dimensionale Ansätze; globaler „trait” oder Beziehungsattribut; bewusst oder unbewusst) und Konsequenzen für die Forschung abgeleitet.

Couple Relationship and Attachment: An Analysis of 63 Studies Published Between 1987 and 1997

Starting with Hazan and Shaver (1987) a new field of research has been opened, couple relationship and attachment, which is attracting increasing interest worldwide. Method: 63 primary studies, published between 1987 and 1997, on partner relationship and adult attachment were systematically content analysed with regard to their methodology (samples, designs, methodology of data-collection with regard to attachment status und to couple relationship) and their results (demographic data und sex/gender effects; concordance of attachment classifications within couples; correspondence between one partner's AAI und the other's CRI; associations between attachment and relationship stability/relationship satisfaction/partner related explanations/couple interaction/psychophysiological data/sexuality; relationship specific effects; interactions of attachment, sex/gender and relationship quality). Conceptual and methodological problems with regard to the measurement of adult attachment are critically discussed (the two „camps”: AAI-researchers und self-report questionnaire researchers; categorical versus dimensional assessments; global trait or relationship specific construct; conscious or unconscious) and research conclusions derived.

Key words

Adult attachment - Attachment theory - Couple relationship - Relationship satisfaction

1 Dieser Text wurde im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes „Elternschaft, Paarbeziehung und Sexualität” erstellt, das als Kooperationsprojekt der Universitäten Gießen und Hamburg in Hamburg realisiert und z. T. durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Sy 30/1-1 - 1-4) unterstützt wurde. Teile dieses Papiers wurden beim 41. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in Dresden, 27. 9. - 1. 10. 1998, präsentiert.

Literatur

• 1 Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York; Basic 1969
• 2 Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation. New York; Basic 1973
• 3 Bowlby J. The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London; Tavistock 1979
• 4 Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss. New York; Basic 1980
• 5 St. Aubin de Teran L. Joanna. London; Virago 1991
• 6 Nunez S. A feather on the breath of god. New York; Harper Collins 1995
• 7 Plath S. The journals. New York; Anchor 1998
• 8 Bierhoff H W, Grau I. Romantische Beziehungen: Bindung, Liebe, Partnerschaft. Bern; Huber 1999
• 9 Buchheim A, Brisch K H, Kächele H. Einführung in die Bindungstheorie und ihre Bedeutung für die Psychotherapie.  Psychotherapie Psychosomatik & Medizinische Psychologie. 1998;  48 128-138
• 10 Schmidt S, Strauß B. Die Bindungstheorie und ihre Relevanz für die Psychotherapie. Teil 1: Grundlagen und Methoden der Bindungsforschung.  Psychotherapeut. 1996;  41 139-150
• 11 Strauß B, Schmidt S. Die Bindungstheorie und ihre Relevanz für die Psychotherapie. Teil 2: Mögliche Implikationen der Bindungstheorie für die Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik.  Psychotherapeut. 1997;  42 1-16
• 12 Ainsworth M DS, Blehar M C, Waters E, Wall S. Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ; Erlbaum 1978
• 13 Main M. Recording and transcribing the Adult Attachment Interview. Unpublished Manuscript 1991, in press
• 14 Main M, Goldwyn R. Adult Attachment Scoring and Classifica-tion Systems. Version 6.0 - 6.3. Berkeley; University of California 1985 - 1998, in press
• 15 , * Hazan C, Shaver P. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.  Journal of Personal and Social Psychology. 1987;  52 511-524
• 16 Bartholomew K. Adult attachment processes: Individual and couple perspectives.  British Journal of Medical Psychology. 1997;  70 249-263
• 17 Crowell J A, Fraley C, Shaver P R. Measurement of individual differences in adolescent and adult attachment. In: Cassidy J, Shaver PR Handbook of Attachment. New York; Guilford 1999: 434-465
• 18 Feeney J A. Adult romantic attachment and couple relationships. In: Cassidy J, Shaver PR Handbook of Attachment. New York; Guilford 1999: 355-377
• 19 Hazan C, Zeifman D. Pair bonds as attachments: Evaluating the evidence. In: Cassidy J, Shaver PR Handbook of Attachment. New York; Guilford 1999: 336-354
• 20 Simpson J A, Rholes  W S. (eds) .. Attachment theory and close relationships. New York; Guilford 1998
• 21 Feeney J A, Noller P. Adult attachment. Thousand Oaks; Sage 1996
• 22 Berman W H, Marcus L, Berman E R. Attachment in marital relations. In: Berman M B, Sperling WH (eds) Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives. New York, London; Guilford 1994: 204-231
• 23 Crowell J, Owens G. Current Relationship Interview und Scoring System. CRI manual 4.0. State University of New York at Stony Brook 1998
• 24 Crowell J A, Treboux D. A review of adult attachment measures: Implications for theory and research.  Journal of Social Development. 1995;  4 294-327
• 25 , * Levy M B, Davis K E. Lovestyles and attachment styles compared: Their relations to each other and to various relationship characteristics.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1988;  5 439-471
• 26 , * Pistole M C. Attachment in adult romantic relationships: Style of conflict resolution and relationship satisfaction.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1989;  6 505-510
• 27 , * Collins N L, Read S J. Adult attachment working models, and relationship quality in dating couples.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990;  58 644-663
• 28 , * Feeney J A, Noller P. Attachment style as a predictor of adult romantic relationships.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990;  58 281-291
• 29 , * Simpson J A. Influence of attachment style on romantic partnerships.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990;  59 971-980
• 30 , * Feeney J A, Noller P. Attachment style and verbal descriptions of romantic partners.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1991;  8 187-215
• 31 , * Hammond J R, Fletcher G J. Attachment styles and relationship Zufriedenheit in the development of close relationships.  New Zealand Journal of Psychology. 1991;  20 56-62
• 32 , * Kobak R R, Hazan C. Attachment in marriage: Effects of security and accuracy of working models.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991;  6 861-869
• 33 , * Mikulincer M, Erev I. Attachment style and the structure of romantic love.  British Journal of Social Psychology. 1991;  30 273-291
• 34 , * Strahan B J. Attachment theory and family functioning: Expectations and congruencies.  Australian Journal of Marriage and Family. 1991;  12 12-26
• 35 , * Cohn D A, Silver D, Cowan P A, Cowan C P, Pearson J J. Working models of childhood attachment and couple relationships.  Journal of Family Issues. 1992;  13 432-449
• 36 , * Feeney J A, Noller P. Attachment style and romantic love: Relationship dissolution.  Australian Journal of Psychology. 1992;  44 69-74
• 37 , * Senchak M S, Leonard K E. Attachment styles and marital adjustment among newlywed couples.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1992;  9 51-64
• 38 , * Simpson J A, Rholes W S, Nelligan J S. Support seeking and support giving within couples in an anxiety provoking situation: The role of attachment styles.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1992;  62 434-446
• 39 , * Brennan K A, Shaver P R. Attachment styles and parental divorce.  Journal of Divorce and Remarriage. 1993;  21 161-175
• 40 , * Feeney J A, Noller P, Patty J. Adolescents' interactions with the opposite sex: influence of attachment style and gender.  Journal of Adolescence. 1993;  16 169-186
• 41 , * Fitzpatrick M A, Fey J, Segrin Ch, Schiff J L. Internal working models of relationships and marital communication.  Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 1993;  12 103-131
• 42 , * Simon E P, Baxter L A. Attachment style differences in relationship maintenance strategies.  Western Journal of Communica-tion. 1993;  57 416-430
• 43 , * Zeanah C H, Benoit D, Barton M, Regan C, Hirschberg L M, Lipsitt L P. Representations of attachment in mothers and their one-year-old infants.  Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1993;  32 278-286
• 44 , * Carnelley K B, Pietromonaco P R, Jaffe K. Depression, working models of others, and relationship functioning.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1994;  66 127-140
• 45 , * Feeney J A. Attachment style, communication patterns and satisfaction across the life cycle of marriage.  Personal Relation-ships. 1994;  1 333-348
• 46 , * Feeney J A, Noller P, Callan V J. Attachment style, communica-tion and satisfaction in the early years of marriage.  Advances in Personal Relationships. 1994;  5 269-308
• 47 Grau I. Entwicklung und Validierung eines Inventars zur Erfassung von Bindungsstilen in Paarbeziehungen. Marburg; Psychologisches Institut der Universität Marburg 1994
• 48 , * Keelan J PR, Dion K L, Dion K K. Attachment style and heterosexual relationships among young adults: A short-term panel study.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1994;  11 201-214
• 49 , * Kirkpatrick L A, Davis K E. Attachment style, gender, and relationship stability: A longitudinal analysis.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1994;  66 502-512
• 50 , * Kirkpatrick L A, Hazan C. Attachment styles and close relation-ships: A four year prospective Study.  Personal Relationships. 1994;  1 123-142
• 51 , * Noller P, Feeney J A. Relationship satisfaction, attachment, and nonverbal accuracy in early marriage.  Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1994;  18 199-221
• 52 , * Sprecher S, Aron A, Hatfield E, Cortese A, Potapova E, Levitskaya A. Love: American style, Russian style and Japanese style.  Personal Relationships. 1994;  1 349-369
• 53 , * Williams D, Schill T. Adult attachment, love styles, and self-defeating personality characteristics.  Psychological Report. 1994;  75 31-34
• 54 , * Brennan K A, Shaver P R. Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1995;  21 267-283
• 55 , * Doll J, Mentz M, Witte E H. Zur Theorie der vier Bindungsstile: Messprobleme und Korrelate dreier integrierter Verhaltenssysteme.  Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie. 1995;  26 148-159
• 56 , * Fuller T L, Fincham F D. Attachment style in married couples: Relation to current marital functioning, stability over time, and method of assessment.  Personal Relationships. 1995;  2 17-34
• 57 , * Owens G, Crowell J A, Pan H, Treboux D, O'Connor E, Waters E. The prototype hypothesis and the origins of attachment working models: Adult relationships with parents and romantic partners.  Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 1995;  60 216-233
• 58 , * Pistole M C, Clark E M, Tubbs A L. Love relationships: Attachment Style and the investment model.  Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 1995;  17 199-209
• 59 , * Scharfe E, Bartholomew K. Accomodation and attachment representations in young couples.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1995;  12 389-401
• 60 , * Bierhoff H W, Grau I. Zur Vorhersage der Trennung in romantischen Beziehungen.  Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie. 1996;  17 251-261
• 61 Bombar M L, Littig L W. Babytalk as a communication of intimate attachment: An initial study in adult romances and friendships.  Personal Relationships. 1996;  3 137-158
• 62 , * Carnelley K B, Pietromonaco P R, Jaffe K. Attachment, caregiving, and relationship functioning in couples: Effects of self and partner.  Personal Relationships. 1996;  3 257-277
• 63 , * Carpenter E M, Kirkpatrick L A. Attachment style and presence of a romantic partner as moderators of psychophysiological responses to a stressful laboratory situation.  Personal Relationships. 1996;  3 351-367
• 64 , * Collins N L. Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1996;  71 810-832
• 65 , * Cowan P A, Cowan C P, Cohn D A, Pearson J L. Parent's attachment histories and children's externalizing and internalizing behaviors: Exploring family systems models of linkage.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1996;  64 53-63
• 66 , * Feeney B C, Kirkpatrick L A. Effects of adult attachment and presence of romantic partners on physiological responses to stress.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1996;  70 255-270
• 67 , * Frazier P A, Byer A L, Fischer A R, Wright D M, DeBord K M. Adult attachment style and partner choice: Correlational and experimental findings.  Personal Relationships. 1996;  3 117-136
• 68 , * Gerlsma C, Buunk B P, Mutsaers W CM. Correlates of self-reported adult attachment styles in a dutch sample of married men and Frauen.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1996;  13 313-320
• 69 , * Guerrero L K. Attachment-style differences in intimacy and involvement: A test of the four-category model.  Communication Monographs. 1996;  63 269-292
• 70 , * Guerrero L K, Burgoon J K. Attachment styles and reactions to nonverbal involvement change in romantic dyads: Patterns of reciprocity and compensation.  Human Communication Research. 1996;  22 335-370
• 71 , * Jones J T, Cunningham J D. Attachment styles and other predictors of relationship satisfaction in couples.  Personal Relation-ships. 1996;  3 387-399
• 72 , * Simpson J A, Rholes W S, Phillips D. Conflict in close relationships.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1996;  71 899-914
• 73 van IJzendoorn M H, Bakermans-Kranenburg M J. Attachment representations in mothers, fathers, adolescents, and clinical groups: A meta-analytic search for normative data.  Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 1996;  64 8-21
• 74 , * Whisman M A, Allan L E. Attachment and social cognition theories of romantic relationships: convergent oder complementary perspectives.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1996;  13 263-278
• 75 , * Asendorpf J B, Banse R, Wilpers S, Neyer F J. Beziehungsspezifische Bindungsskalen für Erwachsene und ihre Validierung durch Netzwerk- und Tagebuchverfahren.  Diagnostica. 1997;  43 289-313
• 76 , * Bakermans-Kranenburg M J, van IJzendoorn M H. Adult Attachment and the break-up of romantic relationships.  Journal of Divorce and Remarriage. 1997;  27 121-139
• 77 , * Bierhoff H W, Grau I. Dimensionen enger Beziehungen: Entwicklung von globalen Skalen zur Einschätzung von Beziehungseinstellungen.  Diagnostica. 1997;  43 210-229
• 78 , * Brennan K A, Morris K A. Attachment styles, self-esteem, and patterns of seeking feedback from romantic partners.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1997;  23 23-31
• 79 , * Fraley R C, Shaver P R. Adult attachment and the suppression of unwanted thoughts.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997;  73 1080-1091
• 80 , * Gaines S O, Reis H T, Summers S, Rusbult C E, Cox C L, Wexler M O, Marelich W D, Kurland G J. Impact of attachment style to accomodative dilemmas in close relationships.  Personal Relation-ships. 1997;  4 93-113
• 81 , * Gangestad S W, Thornhill R. The evolutionary psychology of extrapair sex: The role of fluctuating asymmetry.  Evolution & Human Behavior. 1997;  18 69-88
• 82 , * Henderson A JZ, Bartholomew K, Dutton D G. He loves me; he loves me not: Attachment and separation solution of abused Frauen.  Journal of Family Violence. 1997;  12 169-191
• 83 , * Le Poire B, Haynes J, Driscoll J, Driver J, Bennett N, Wheelis T F, Hyde M K, Prochaska M, Ramos L. Attachment as a function of parental and partner approach-avoidance tendencies.  Human Communication Research. 1997;  23 413-441
• 84 , * Lussier Y, Sabourin S, Turgeon C. Coping strategies as moderators of the relationship between attachment and marital adjustment.  Journal of Social & Personal Relationships. 1997;  14 777-791
• 85 Morrison T lL, Urquiza A J, Goodlin-Jones B L. Attachment, perceptions of interaktion, and relationship adjustment.  Journal of Social & Personal Relationships. 1997;  14 627-642
• 86 , * Sharpsteen D J, Kirkpatrick L A. Romantic jealousy and adult romantic attachment.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997;  72 627-640
• 87 Spanier G B. Measuring dyadic adjustment: new scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads.  Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1976;  38 15-20
• 88 Locke H, Wallace K. Short marital adjustment and prediction test: Their reliability and validity.  Marriage and Family Living. 1959;  21 251-255
• 89 Norton R. Measuring marital quality: A critical look at the dependent variable.  Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1983;  45 141-151
• 90 Davis K E, Todd M J. Friendships and love relationships. In: Davis KE, Mitchell TO (eds) Advances in descriptive psychology, Vol. 2. Greenwich; CT: JAI Press 1982
• 91 George C, Kaplan N, Main M. Adult Attachment Interview, 3rd Ed. Unpublished manuscript. Dept. of Psychology, University of California Berkeley; 1996
• 92 Bartholomew K, Horowitz L M. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991;  61 226-244
• 93 Fisher J V, Crandell L E. Complex attachment: Patterns of relating in the couple.  Sexual & Marital Therapy. 1997;  12 211-223
• 94 Kobak R R, Cole H E, Ferenz-Gillies R, Fleming W S, Gamble W. Attachment and emotion regulation during mother-teen problem solving: A control theory analysis.  Child Development. 1993;  64 231-245
• 95 Brennan K A, Shaver P R, Tobey A E. Attachment styles, gender, and parental problem drinking.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1991;  8 451-466
• 96 Shaver P R, Hazan C. Being lonely, falling in love: Perspectives from attachment theory.  Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. 1987;  2(2, Pt2) 105-124
• 97 Neyer F J. Zum Umgang mit dyadischen Daten: Neue Methoden der Sozialpsychologie.  Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie. 1998;  29 291-306
• 98 Sanford K. Two dimensions of adult attachment: Further validation.  Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1997;  14 133-143
• 99 Grau I. Skalen zur Erfassung von Bindungsrepräsentationen in Paarbeziehungen.  Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie. 1999;  20 142-152
• 100 Brennan K A, Clark C L, Shaver P R. Self report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In: Simpson JA, Rholes WS Attachment theory in close relationships. New York, London; Guilford 1998: 46-76
• 101 v. Sydow K. Forschungsmethoden zur Erhebung von Partnerschaftsbindung. In: Gloger-Tippelt G Bindung im Erwachsenenalter. Bern; Huber im Druck
• 102 Bakermans-Kranenburg M J, van IJzendoorn M H. A psychometric study of the Adult Attachment Interview: Reliability and discriminant validity.  Developmental Psychology. 1993;  29 870-879
• 103 Crowell J A, Waters E, Treboux D, O'Connor E, Colon-Downs C, Feider O, Golby B, Posada G. Discriminant validity of the Adult Attachement Interview.  Child Development. 1996;  67 2584-2599
• 104 Steele H, Steele M, Fonagy P. Associations among attachement classifications of mothers, fathers and infants: Evidence for a relationship-specific perspective.  Child Development. 1996;  67 541-555
• 105 De Haas M A, Bakermans-Kraneneburg M J, van Ijzendoorn M H. The Adult Attachement Interview and questionnairs for attachement style, temperament, and memories of parental Verhalten.  Journal of Genetic Psychology. 1994;  155 471-486
• 106 Buehlman K T, Gottman J M, Katz L F. How a couple views their past predicts their future: Predicting divorce from an oral history interview.  Journal of Family Psychology. 1992;  5 295-318
• 107 Crowell J A, Waters E. Bowlby's theory grown up: The role of attachment in adult love relationships.  Psychological Inquiry. 1994;  5 31-34
• 108 Gloger-Tippelt G, Ullmeyer M. Partnerschaft und Bindungsrepräsentation der Herkunftsfamilie. In: Walper S, Pekrun R Familie und Entwicklung: Perspektiven der Familienpsychologie. im Druck
• 109 Shaver P R, Fraley R C. Self-report measures of adult attachment (Electronic data tape) (http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/Shaver/measures.html). Davis; University of California, Department of Psychology 1999
• 110 Winter M. Current Relationship Q-Sort: Auswertungsmanual. Regensburg; Universität Regensburg in press
• 111 v. Sydow K. Sexualität und/oder Bindung: Ein Forschungsüberblick zu sexuellen Entwicklungen in langfristigen Partnerschaften.  Familiendynamik. 1998;  23 377-404

1 Dieser Text wurde im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes „Elternschaft, Paarbeziehung und Sexualität” erstellt, das als Kooperationsprojekt der Universitäten Gießen und Hamburg in Hamburg realisiert und z. T. durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Sy 30/1-1 - 1-4) unterstützt wurde. Teile dieses Papiers wurden beim 41. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in Dresden, 27. 9. - 1. 10. 1998, präsentiert.

2 „q” verweist auf Studien, in denen Bindung per Selbstbeurteilungsfragebogen erfasst wurde.