Zusammenfassung.
Retroperitoneale Hämatome (RPH) sind eine eher seltene Diagnose in der Medizin. Die
Ätiologie beinhaltet ein spontanes, posttraumatisches, postoperatives oder iatrogenes
Auftreten. Gleichfalls können RPH auch unter antikoagulativer Therapie entstehen.
Wir berichten über unsere Erfahrungen in der Therapie von 40 Patienten mit retroperitonealen
Hämatomen, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von 19 Patienten, die ein RPH unter antikoagulativer
Therapie entwickelt haben. In einer retrospektiven Analyse der Patientendaten wurde
der klinische Verlauf der konservativ behandelten Patienten mit den operierten verglichen.
Von den 19 Patienten mit retroperitonealen Hämatomen unter antikoagulativer Therapie
wurden 10 Patienten konservativ behandelt, 9 Patienten wurden operiert. Drei Patienten
der nicht operierten Gruppe verstarben während des Krankenhausaufenthaltes an Multiorganversagen.
Alle anderen Patienten, sowohl aus der nicht-operierten, als auch aus der operierten
Gruppe, erholten sich von dem retroperitonealen Hämatom. Im Rahmen der Nachuntersuchung
zeigte keiner der Patienten Residualsymptome des RPH. Bei asymptomatischen Patienten
mit mäßigem Bedarf an Bluttransfusionen empfehlen wir ein konservatives, nicht-operatives
Vorgehen. Bei symptomatischen Patienten mit persistierenden lokalen Schmerzen, Nervenirritation,
Kompression von größeren Gefäßen oder des Ureters, erheblichem und kontinuierlichem
Bedarf an Bluttransfusionen oder mit infiziertem retroperitonealen Hämatom sollte
dagegen operativ interveniert werden. Hierbei empfehlen wir ein Intervall von 5 bis
7 Tagen zwischen der akuten Blutungsepisode und der Operation. Dennoch bleibt die
Entscheidung für oder gegen ein operatives Vorgehen und der gewählte Zeitpunkt individuell
für jeden Patienten.
Management of retroperitoneal hematoma in patients on anticoagulative therapy.
Retroperitoneal hematoma (RPH) is an uncommon diagnosis in medicine. The etiology
includes spontaneous, posttraumatic, postoperative and iatrogen occurrence. Retroperitoneal
hematoma may also occur in patients under anticoagulative therapy. We report on our
experience in the management of 40 patients with retroperitoneal hematoma with special
emphasis on 19 patients who developed RPH under anticoagulative therapy. In a retrospective
analysis of the patients’ data the outcome of the conservatively treated patients
and the patients who underwent surgery was compared. From the 19 patients with retroperitoneal
hematoma under anticoagulative therapy 10 patients were treated conservatively and
9 patients underwent surgery. Three patients from the non-operated group, who had
been excluded from surgery for multi-organ failure, died during hospitalization. All
other patients from both the non-operated and the operated group recovered from RPH.
In the post clinical follow up none of these patients suffered from symptoms of the
retroperitoneal hematoma. Non-operative treatment is recommended in asymptomatic patients
with moderate need for blood transfusions, whereas symptomatic patients with persisting
local pain, nerval irritation, compression of major vessels or the ureter, extensive
and ongoing need for blood transfusions or with infection of the retroperitoneal hematoma
should be operated. In this case an interval of about 5 to 7 days between the acute
bleeding episode and the operation is recommended. However, the decision for or against
operative treatment remains individual for each patient.
Schlüsselwörter:
Antikoagulation - Blutung - Retroperitoneales Hämatom - RPH
Key words:
Anticoagulation - Bleeding - Retroperitoneal Hematoma - RPH
Literatur
- 1
Steichen F M, Dargan E L, Pearlman D M, Weil P H.
The management of retroperitoneal hematoma secondary to penetrating injuries.
Surg Gynecol Obstet.
1966;
123
581-591
- 2
Grieco J G, Perry J F.
Retroperitoneal hematoma following trauma: its clinical importance.
J Trauma.
1980;
20
733-736
- 3
Swift D L, Lingeman J E, Baum W C.
Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage: a diagnostic challenge.
J Urol.
1980;
123
577-582
- 4
Selivanov V, Chi H S, Alverdy J C, Morris JA J r, Sheldon G F.
Mortality in retroperitoneal hematoma.
J Trauma.
1984;
24
1022-1027
- 5
Costa M, Robbs J V.
Management of retroperitoneal haematoma following penetrating trauma.
Br J Surg.
1985;
72
662-664
- 6
Henao F, Aldrete J S.
Retroperitoneal hematomas of traumatic origin.
Surg Gynecol Obstet.
1985;
161
106-116
- 7
MacSweeney S T.
Spontaneous retroperitoneal haematoma presenting as femoral neuropathy. Case report.
Acta Chir Scand.
1989;
155
621-622
- 8
Feliciano D V.
Management of traumatic retroperitoneal hematoma.
Ann Surg.
1990;
211
109-123
- 9
Goins W A, Rodriguez A, Lewis J, Brathwaite C E, James E.
Retroperitoneal hematoma after blunt trauma.
Surg Gynecol Obstet.
1992;
174
281-290
- 10
Holting T, Buhr H J, Richter G M, Roeren T, Friedl W, Herfarth C.
Diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal hematoma in multiple trauma patients.
Arch Orthop Trauma Surg.
1992;
111
323-326
- 11
Sreeram S, Lumsden A B, Miller J S, Salam A A, Dodson T F, Smith R B.
Retroperitoneal hematoma following femoral arterial catheterization: a serious and
often fatal complication.
Am Surg.
1993;
59
94-98
- 12
Umekawa T, Yamate T, Amasaki N, Ishikawa Y, Kohri K, Kurita T.
Continuous evaluation for retroperitoneal hematoma following extracorporeal shock
wave lithotripsy.
Urol Int.
1993;
51
114-116
- 13
Kent K C, Moscucci M, Mansour K A, DiMattia S, Gallagher S, Kuntz R. et al .
Retroperitoneal hematoma after cardiac catheterization: prevalence, risk factors,
and optimal management.
J Vasc Surg.
1994;
20
905-910;
, discussion 910-913
- 14
Morrison F A, Wurzet H A.
Retroperitoneal hemorrhage during heparin therapy.
Am J Cardiol.
1964;
13
329-332
- 15
Macon W L, Morton J H, Adams J T.
Significant complications of anticoagulant therapy.
Surgery.
1970;
68
571-582
- 16
Hodin E, Dass T.
Spontaneous retro-peritoneal hemorrhage complicating anticoagulant therapy.
Ann Surg.
1969;
170
848-851
- 17
Droy J M, Dubois D, Humbert G, Fillastre J P, Leroy J.
Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma during anticoagulant treatment.
Presse Med.
1971;
79
2065-2068
- 18
Stern M B, Spiegel P.
Femoral neuropathy as a complication of heparin anticoagulation therapy.
Clin Orthop.
1975;
106
140-142
- 19
Bergqvist D, Hallböök T, Hessman Y.
Anticoagulation and retroperitoneal haematoma.
VASA.
1976;
5
329-331
- 20
Simeone J F, Robinson F, Rothman S L, Jaffe C C.
Computerized tomographic demonstration of a retroperitoneal hematoma causing femoral
neuropathy. Report of two cases.
J Neurosurg.
1977;
47
946-948
- 21
Marinetti C, Saingra S, Kessali V, Serment G, Arnal J C, Thomas C. et al .
Retroperitoneal haematomas in patients receiving anticoagulants. Therapeutic indications.
One case (author’s transl.).
Nouv-Presse-Med.
1978;
7
3343-3344,
, 3349
- 22
Heilbronn Y D, Williams V L, Kranzler L I, Banuchi F F, Siqueira E B.
CT scan of retroperitoneal hematoma with neuropathy.
Surg Neurol.
1979;
12
251-252
- 23
Jensen S K, Abildgaard K.
Retroperitoneal hematoma with femoral neuropathy during anticoagulant treatment.
Ugeskr Laeger.
1987;
149
376-377
- 24
Hihara T, Araki T, Koizumi K, Fujimoto H, Karikomi M, Kachi K ,. et al .
Computed tomography of retroperitoneal hematoma caused by anticoagulation therapy
- report of a case.
Rinsho-Hoshasen.
1988;
33
943-945
- 25
Moskovitz B, Braner B, Engel A, Kleinhaus U, Levin D R.
Multifocal bleeding due to anticoagulant therapy.
Urol Int.
1988;
43
53-55
- 26
Merrick H W, Zeiss J, Woldenberg L S.
Percutaneous decompression for femoral neuropathy secondary to heparin-induced retroperitoneal
hematoma: case report and review of the literature.
Am Surg.
1991;
57
706-711
- 27
Amano Y, Kumita S, Takahama K, Gemma K, Ohishi T, Kumazaki T. et al .
RI Venography for retroperitoneal hematoma following anticoagulant therapy for IVC
filter thrombosis.
Kaku-Igaku.
1993;
30
423-427
- 28
Codina Cazador A, Ruiz-Feliu B, Roig-Garcia J, Tuca-Rodriguez F, Farres-Coll R, Masvidal-Calpe R.
Retroperitoneal hematoma secondary to anticoagulation treatment as a cause of abdominal
pain.
Rev Esp Enferm Dig.
1993;
83
133-135
- 29
Butt Z A, Morgan J DT, Osborn D E.
Retroperitoneal haematoma causing acute renal failure.
Br J Urology.
1994;
74
119
- 30
Di Rosa C, Venora S, Monterosso N, La Spada N M, Viola S.
Retroperitoneal hematoma during heparin therapy. Comments on 3 cases.
Minerva Chir.
1997;
52
493-497
- 31
Katz R, Admon D, Pode D.
Life-threatening retroperitoneal hematoma caused by anticoagulant therapy for myocardial
infarction after SWL.
J Endourol.
1997;
11
23-25
- 32
Gabel A, Müller S.
Fatal hematoma during treatment with adjusted-dose subcutaneous heparin therapy.
New Engl J Med.
1999;
340
61-62
- 33
Mant M J, O’Brien B D, Thong K L, Hammond G W, Birthwistle R V, Grace M G.
Hemorrhagic complications of heparin therapy.
Lancet.
1977;
1
1133-1135
- 34
Kaden W S, Friedman E A.
Obstructive uropathy complicating anticoagulant therapy.
New Engl J Med.
1961;
265
283
- 35
Wallach H W, Oren M E.
Sciatic nerve compression during anticoagulation therapy. Computerized tomography
aids in diagnosis.
Arch Neurol.
1979;
36
448
- 36
Zarranz J J, Salisachs P.
Femoral neuropathy due to compression by retroperitoneal haemorrhage: a modern evaluation.
J Neurol Sci.
1979;
43
479-482
- 37
Mastroianni P P, Roberts M P.
Femoral neuropathy and retroperitoneal hemorrhage.
Neurosurgery.
1983;
13
44-47
- 38
Reinstein L, Alevizatos A C, Twardzik F G, DeMarco SJ 3 d.
Femoral nerve dysfunction after retroperitoneal hemorrhage: pathophysiology revealed
by computed tomography.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
1984;
65
37-40
- 39
Maratka H SZ, Viklicky J.
Syndrom krvácení do m. psoas prispevek ke kromplkacim protisrazlive lecvy.
Vnitrni Lekar.
1961;
7
1131
Dr. F. P. Schulze
Prof. Dr. H. Becker
Klinik für Allgemeinchirurgie
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Robert Koch-Straße 40
37075 Göttingen
Phone: 0551-39-6170
Fax: 0551-39-6106
Email: chirurgie@med.uni-goettingen.de