Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-15425
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Der mikrochirurgische TRAM (Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutan)-Lappen als Standard für die autologe Mammarekonstruktion
The free TRAM Flap as a Standard Procedure for Breast ReconstructionPublication History
Publication Date:
31 December 2001 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Problemstellung: Bei der Rekonstruktion der Brust bietet der freie mikrovaskulär angeschlossene TRAM-Lappen Vorteile gegenüber anderen autologen Rekonstruktionsmöglichkeiten. Der freie TRAM-Lappen hat eine zuverlässige Durchblutung eines großen Gewebevolumens am Unterbauch, so dass er auch bei komplizierter Technik den gestielten Lappenvarianten zu bevorzugen ist. Eine Entwicklung zur Brustrekonstruktion nach Mastektomie, zur primären Rekonstruktion und zum Eigengewebsaufbau ist in den letzten 10 Jahren erkennbar.
Material und Methodik: Zwischen 1/1995 und 6/2000 wurden mit einem freien, mikrovaskulär angeschlossenen TRAM 44 Brüste bei 40 Patientinnen rekonstruiert (25 % primäre Rekonstruktionen). Bei der Lappenhebung wird nur eine kleine, perforatortragende Muskelspindel aus dem medialen Anteil des Musculus rectus abdominis entfernt. Der zurückgelassene Muskelanteil bleibt segmental innerviert und durchblutet, so dass die Funktion gewährleistet ist.
Ergebnisse: Bei 10 Patientinnen traten 16 postoperative Komplikationen auf. Bei 3 Patientinnen musste die Anastomose revidiert werden, bei 3 Patientinnen trat an der Brust eine Nachblutung auf. Es gab einen Lappenverlust, zwei Lappenteilverluste, bei denen aber nach Nekrektomie und Lappenvorschub die Brustform erhalten werden konnte. Hernien oder Pseudohernien traten 3-mal auf. Die Nachbeobachtungszeit betrug im Mittel 27,6 Monate.
Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung zeigen eine niedrige Rate von schweren Komplikationen des freien TRAM-Lappens. Das erreichte Brustvolumen, die mögliche Brustformung und die Natürlichkeit der Rekonstruktion ist den übrigen Techniken zur Brustrekonstruktion überlegen.
Summary
Purpose: In reconstructing the female breast after mastectomy the free TRAM flap is superior to other autologous procedures for breast reconstruction. The free TRAM flap provides optimal blood flow to an enormous tissue bulk in the lower abdomen and is the preferable method in autologous breast reconstruction although the technique is very demanding. There is a shift in the last 10 years: an increasing number of patients requested breasts reconstruction after a mastectomy, primarily and with autogenous tissue.
Material and Methods: Between 1/1995 and 6/2000 in 40 patients 44 breasts were reconstructed with a free TRAM flap after mastectomy (25 % immediate reconstructions). During the flap harvest a small perforator bearing muscle segment was incised and the segmental innervation and blood supply preserved leaving the remaining muscle functional.
Results: 10 patients had 16 postoperative complications. In 3 cases the anastomosis was revised, 3 patients had a hematoma. There was 1 total flap failure and 2 partly flap necrosis in which the breast mound could be preserved after necrectomy and flap advancement. Hernia or abdominal bulges happened in 3 patients. The average follow-up time was 27.6 months.
Conclusion: The results of this study show a low rate of severe complications with the free TRAM flap. The achieved breast volume, the possible breast shape and the natural feel and behaviour of the reconstructed breast makes the TRAM flap the superior method in breast reconstruction.
Literatur
- 1 Clough K B, Kroll S S, Audretsch W. An approach to the repair of partial mastectomy defects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999; 104 409-420
- 2 Trabulsy P P, Anthony J P, Mathes S J. Changing trends in postmastectomy breast reconstruction: a 13-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994; 93 1418-1427
- 3 Stevens L A, McGrath M H, Druss R G, Kister S J, Gump F E, Forde K A. The psychological impact of immediate breast reconstruction for women with early breast cancer. Plast Renconstr Surg. 1984; 73 619-628
- 4 Goin M K, Goin J M. Psychological reactions to prophylactic mastectomy synchronous with contralateral breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982; 70 355-359
- 5 Radovan C. Breast reconstruction after mastectomy using the temporary expander. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982; 69 195-208
- 6 Argenta L C, Marks M W, Grabb W C. Selective use of serial expansion in breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 1983; 11 188-195
- 7 Bostwick J, Vasconez L O, Jurkiewicz M J. Breast reconstruction after a radical mastectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1978; 61 682-693
- 8 McCraw J B, Maxwell G P. Early and late capsular “deformation” as a cause of unsatisfactory results in the latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg. 1988; 15 717-726
- 9 Moore T S, Farrell L D. Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction: long-term results. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992; 89 666-672
- 10 Germann G, Steinau H U. Breast reconstruction with the extended latissimus dorsi flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996; 97 519-526
- 11 Delay E, Gounot N, Bouillot A, Zlatoff P, Rivoire M. Autologous latissimus breast reconstruction: a 3-year clinical experience with 100 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998; 102 1461-1478
- 12 Hartrampf C R, Scheflan M, Black P W. Breast reconstruction with a transverse abdominal island flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982; 69 216-225
- 13 Grotting J C, Urist M M, Maddox W A, Vasconez L O. Conventional TRAM flap versus free microsurgical TRAM flap for immediate breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989; 83 828-841
- 14 Schusterman M A, Kroll S S, Weldon M E. Immediate breast reconstruction: why the free TRAM over the conventional TRAM flap?. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992; 90 255-261
- 15 Allen R J, Treece P. Deep inferior epigastric perforator flap for breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 1994; 32 32-38
- 16 Schwabegger A H, Ninkovic M M, Moriggl B, Waldenberger P, Brenner E, Wechselberger G, Anderl H. Internal mammary veins: classification and surgical use in free-tissue transfer. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1997; 13 17-23
- 17 Dupin C L, Allen R J, Glass C A, Bunch R. The internal mammary artery and vein as a recipient site for free-flap breast reconstruction: a report of 110 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996; 98 685-689
- 18 Kroll S S, Khoo A, Singletary S E, Ames F C, Wang B G, Reece G P, Miller M J, Evans G R, Robb G L. Local recurrence risk after skin-sparing and conventional mastectomy: a 6-year follow-up. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999; 104 421-425
- 19 Georgiade G S, Georgiade N G, McCarty K S, Feguson B J, Seigler H F. Modified radical mastectomy with immediate reconstruction for carcinoma of the breast. Ann Surg. 1981; 193 565-573
- 20 Noone R B, Murphy J B, Spear S L, Little J W. A 6-year experience with immediate reconstruction after mastectomy for cancer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985; 76 258-269
- 21 Vinton A L, Traverso L W, Zehring R D. Immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy is as safe as mastectomy alone. Arch Surg. 1990; 125 1303-1307
- 22 Evans G R, Schusterman M A, Kroll S S, Miller M J, Reece G P, Robb G L, Ainslie N. Reconstruction and the radiated breast: is there a role for implants?. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995; 96 1111-1115
- 23 Kroll S S, Evans G R, Reece G P, Miller M J, Robb G, Baldwin B J, Schusterman M A. Comparison of resource costs between implant-based and TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996; 97 364-372
- 24 Kroll S S. Why autologous tissue? (Review). Clin Plast Surg. 1998; 25 135-143
- 25 Schneider W J, Hill H L, Brown R G. Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction. Brit J Plast Surg. 1977; 30 277-281
- 26 Kroll S S, Baldwin B. A comparison of outcomes using three different methods of breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992; 90 455-462
- 27 Gerber B, Krause A, Reimer T, Muller H, Friese K. Breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap: improved aesthetic results after transection of its humeral insertion. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999; 103 1876-1881
- 28 Taylor G I, Corlett R J, Boyd J B. The versatile deep inferior epigastric (inferior rectus abdominis) flap. Brit J Plast Surg. 1984; 37 330-350
- 29 Boyd J B, Taylor G I, Corlett R. The vascular territories of the superior epigastric and the deep inferior epigastric systems. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984; 73 1-16
- 30 Holmstrom H. The free abdominoplasty flap and its use in breast reconstruction. An experimental study and clinical case report. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1979; 13 423-427
Dr. med. Matthias Voigt
Abteilung für Plastische und Handchirurgie
Chirurgische Universitätsklinik Freiburg
Hugstetter Straße 55
79106 Freiburg
Email: voigt-m-79@t-online.de