Surgical therapy of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors
Summary
More than 70 % of all carcinoids are localized in the
gastrointestinal tract. Carcinoids of the upper, middle and lower intestines
have to be distinguished ontogenetically. The classification according to
Capella takes into account the size of the tumor (< 0.9 cm;
1-2 cm; > 2 cm), the grade of invasion of other
structures, the grade of angioinvasion, the biologic behaviour, the grade of
differentiation and the hormonal activity of the tumor. A carcinoid-syndrome is
rarely found. Carcinoids of the small intestine occur multiple in
30-50 % and in 20-30 % a second malignant tumor is
seen. In carcinoids of the colon this percentage is even higher
(25-40 %). The therapy of carcinoids depends on the size of the
tumor and consecutively on the risk of metastasis. A local excision or
non-oncologic radical operative procedure is justified in carcinoids smaller
than 1 cm. In tumors 1-2 cm in size an individual decision
has to be made. Larger tumors should be operated according to oncologic
standards. Palliative resections, even of the liver, may be indicated to
relieve the symptoms of a carcinoid-syndrome or, to prevent ileus or bleeding
in the gastrointestinal tract. The prognosis of gastrointestinal carcinoids is
heterogenous: The five-year-survival-rate of appendix-carcinoids is
85.9 % over all stages. In rectal carcinoids this rate amounts to
72.2 %, in carcinoids of the small intestines to 55.4 % and in
colon-carcinoids to 41.6 %. Carcinoids of the stomach have a
five-year-survival-rate of 64.3 % in the absence of metastases. Within
carcinoids of the stomach type III-tumors have the worst prognosis with
a median survival time of 6.5 months.
Zusammenfassung
Karzinoide sind in über 70 % im Gastrointestinaltrakt
lokalisiert. Entwicklungsgeschichtlich werden solche des Vorder-, Mittel- und
Enddarmes unterschieden. Die Klassifikation erfolgt nach Capella und
berücksichtigt die Tumorgröße (< 0,9 cm,
1-2 cm, > 2 cm), die Ausbreitung in
Nachbarstrukturen, eine Angioinvasion, das biologische Verhalten, den
Differenzierungsgrad und die hormonelle Aktivität des Tumors. Ein
Karzinoid-Syndrom wird selten beobachtet. Dünndarmkarzinoide sind in
30-50 % multipel, Zweitmalignome werden in 20-30 %
und bei Karzinoiden des Kolons synchrone Karzinome sogar in
25-40 % beobachtet. Die Therapie der Karzinoide richtet sich vor
allem nach der Größe des Tumors und dem damit verbundenen
Metastasierungsrisiko. Im Allgemeinen ist eine lokale Abtragung bzw. ein
eingeschränkt radikales operatives Vorgehen bei kleiner als 1 cm
großen Tumoren gerechtfertigt. Bei 1-2 cm ist das
therapeutische Vorgehen individuell abzuwägen. Größere Tumoren
sollten nach onkologischen Gesichtspunkten operiert werden. Palliative
Resektionen können, auch an der Leber, zur Besserung eines
Karzinoid-Syndroms oder im Gastrointestinaltrakt zur Vermeidung eines Ileus
bzw. einer Blutung indiziert sein. Die Prognose gastrointestinaler Karzinoide
ist heterogen. Über alle Stadien liegt die 5-Jahresüberlebensrate bei
Karzinoiden der Appendix bei 85,9 %, des Rektums bei 72,2 %, des
Dünndarmes bei 55,4 % und des Kolons bei 41,6 %. Karzinoide
des Magens haben beim Fehlen von Metastasen eine 5-Jahresüberlebensrate
von 64,3 %, wobei der Typ III die ungünstigste Prognose mit
einer medianen Überlebenszeit von 6,5 Monaten aufweist.
Key words
Carcinoid tumors - gastrointestinal tract - surgical therapy
Schlüsselwörter
Gastrointestinale Karzinoide - chirurgische Therapie
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Prof. Dr. Th. Böttger
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