Zusammenfassung
Vigilanzdefizite bei Schizophrenen sind seit langer Zeit Gegenstand der neuropsychologischen Schizophrenieforschung. Der “degraded stimulus”-Continuous Performance Test (ds-CPT) ist das Standardparadigma zur Erfassung der Vigilanz. Die Messung der Vigilanz setzt eine Beobachtung des Verlaufs der perzeptuellen Sensitivität über die Zeit voraus. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit zeigt, dass Vigilanzdefizite mit dem ds-CPT theoretisch unter bestimmten Bedingungen beobachtbar sind (als Abfall der Sensitivität); jedoch wurde der Sensitivitäts-Verlauf nur in sehr wenigen Schizophreniestudien bestimmt. In den meisten Studien wurde stattdessen lediglich das Sensitivitäts-Niveau ausgewertet. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass Sensitivitäts-Verlauf und -Niveau weitgehend unabhängige Variablen sind. Da nur mit dem Sensitivitäts-Verlauf die Vigilanz adäquat operationalisiert werden kann, besteht auch heute noch ein erheblicher Forschungbedarf zur Erhellung der Bedeutung von Vigilanzdefiziten für Manifestation, Verlauf und Therapie der Schizophrenie.
Abstract
Deficits in vigilance/sustained attention of schizophrenic subjects have been a main topic of neuropsychological schizophrenia research for many years. The degraded stimulus Continuous Performance Test (ds-CPT) is the standard paradigm for measuring vigilance. Measurement of vigilance requires the observation of the course of perceptual sensitivity over time. The present review shows that from a theoretical point of view it is possible to show vigilance deficits (as a decrease of sensitivity) with the ds-CPT if certain conditions are given. However, only in a few schizophrenia studies the course of sensitivity over time was evaluated, while in most studies merely the level of sensitivity was analysed. Results presented in this review suggest that level and course of sensitivity are largely independent variables. Vigilance can be operationalised adequately only when considering the course of sensitivity over time. Therefore there still is a considerable need for research on the meaning of vigilance deficits for manifestation, course and treatment of schizophrenia.
Literatur
1 Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie. Ein Lehrbuch für Studirende und Aerzte (sechste, vollständig umgearbeitete Auflage). Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth 1899
2
Green M F.
What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?.
American Journal of Psychiatry.
1996;
153
321-330
3
Green M F, Nuechterlein K H.
Should schizophrenia be treated as a neurocognitive disorder?.
Schizophrenia Bulletin.
1999;
25
309-318
4
Mackworth N H.
The breakdown of vigilance during prolonged visual search.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.
1948;
1
6-21
5
Lichstein K L, Riedel B W, Richman S L.
The Mackworth clock test: A computerized version.
Journal of Psychology.
2000;
134
153-161
6
Rosvold H E, Mirsky A F, Sarason I, Bransome Jr E D, Beck L H.
A continuous performance test of brain damage.
Journal of Consulting Psychology.
1956;
20
343-350
7
Orzack M H, Kornetsky C.
Attention dysfunction in chronic schizophrenia.
Archives of General Psychiatry.
1966;
14
323-326
8
Binder J, Albus M, Hubmann W, Scherer J, Sobizack N, Franz U, Mohr F, Hecht S.
Neuropsychological impairment and psychopathology in first-episode schizophrenic patients related to the early course of illness.
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience.
1998;
248
70-77
9
Albus M, Hubmann W, Ehrenberg C, Forcht U, Mohr F, Sobizack N, Wahlheim C, Hecht S.
Neuropsychological impairment in first-episode and chronic schizophrenic patients.
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience.
1996;
246
249-255
10
Asarnow R F, MacCrimmon D J.
Residual performance deficit in clinically remitted schizophrenics: A marker of schizophrenia?.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology.
1978;
87
597-608
11 Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. Biological markers for the liability to schizophrenia. In: Helmchen H, Henn FA (Hrsg). Biological Perspectives of Schizophrenia. Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons 1987: 33-56
12
Suslow T, Arolt V.
Störungen der frühen Informationsverarbeitung und der Vigilanz als Vulnerabilitätsmarker für Schizophrene.
Fortschritte der Neurologie und Psychiatrie.
1996;
64
90-104
13 Nuechterlein K H, Dawson M E, Ventura J, Fogelson G, Gitlin M, Mintz J. Testing vulnerability models: Stability of potential vulnerability indicators across clinical states. In: Häfner H, Gattaz WF (Hrsg). Search for the Causes of Schizophrenia. Berlin: Springer 1991: 177-191
14 Green D M, Swets J A. Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley 1966
15
Parasuraman R.
Memory load and event rate control sensitivity decrements in sustained attention.
Science.
1979;
205
924-927
16
Nuechterlein K H, Parasuraman R, Jiang Q.
Visual sustained attention: Image degradation produces rapid sensitivity over time.
Science.
1983;
220
327-329
17
Nuechterlein K H.
Signal detection in vigilance tasks and behavioral attributes among offspring of schizophrenic mothers and among hyperactive children.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology.
1983;
92
4-28
18
Nuechterlein K H, Edell W S, Noris M, Dawson M E.
Attentional vulnerability indicators, thought disorder, and negative symptoms.
Schizophrenia Bulletin.
1986;
12
408-426
19
Cornblatt B A, Lenzenweger M F, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L.
The Continuous Performance Test, identical pairs version: II. Contrasting attentional profiles in schizophrenic and depressed patients.
Psychiatry Research.
1989;
29
65-85
20
Nestor P G, Faux S F, McCarley R W, Shenton M E, Sands S F.
Measurement of visual sustained attention in schizophrenia using signal detection analysis and a newly developed computerized CPT task.
Schizophrenia Research.
1990;
3
329-332
21
Buchanan R W, Strauss M E, Breier A, Kirkpatrick B, Carpenter W T.
Attentional impairments in deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia.
American Journal of Psychiatry.
1997;
154
363-370
22
Buchsbaum M S, Nuechterlein K H, Haier R J, Wu J, Sicotte N, Hazlett E, Asarnow R, Potkin S, Guich S.
Glucose metabolic rate in normales and schizophrenics during the Continuous Performance Test assessed by positron emission tomography.
British Journal of Psychiatry.
1990;
156
216-227
23
Andreasen N C, Rezai K, Alliger R, Swayze II V W, Flaum M, Kirchner P, Cohen T, O'Leary D S.
Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive patients and in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Assessment with xenon 133 single-photon emission computed tomography and the Tower of London.
Archives of General Psychiatry.
1992;
49
943-958
24
Stanley J A, Williamson P C, Drost D J, Carr T J, Rylett R J, Malla A, Thompson R T.
An in vivo study of the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients at different states of illness via phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
Archives of General Psychiatry.
1995;
52
399-406
25
Weinberger D R.
Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Archives of General Psychiatry.
1987;
44
660-669
26
Carpenter W T, Heinrichs D W, Alphs L D.
Treatment of negative symptoms.
Schizophrenia Bulletin.
1985;
11
440-452
27
Maß R, Wolf K, Wagner M, Haasen C.
Differential sustained attention/vigilance changes over time in schizophrenics and controls during a degraded stimulus Continuous Performance Test.
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience.
2000;
250
24-30
28 Kathmann N, Wagner M, Satzger W, Engel R R. Vigilanzmessung auf Verhaltensebene: Der Continuous Performance Test - München (CTP-M). In: Möller H-J, Engel RR, Hoff P (Hrsg). Befunderhebung in der Psychiatrie: Lebensqualität, Negativsymptomatik und andere aktuelle Entwicklungen. Wien, New York: Springer 1996: 331-338
29 Wagner M, Kathmann N, Engel R R. Experimentelle Verfahren zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung (EVA): CPT (Version 7) und SAT (Version 6.1). Unveröffentlichte Programmbeschreibung 1992
30 Nuechterlein K H. Vigilance in schizophrenia and related disorders. In: Steinhauer SR, Gruzelier JH, Zubin J (Hrsg). Handbook of Schizophrenia: Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology and Information Processing. Amsterdam, London, New York, Tokio: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. 1991: 397-433
31 Maß R. Das Eppendorfer Schizophrenie-Inventar (ESI). Skalen zur Erfassung charakteristischer Symptome der Schizophrenie. Manual. Göttingen: Hogrefe 2001
32
Maß R.
Characteristic subjective experiences of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia Bulletin.
2000;
26
921-931
33
Kay S R, Fiszbein A, Opler L A.
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia Bulletin.
1987;
13
261-276
34
Maß R, Schömig T, Hitschfeld K, Wall E, Haasen C.
Psychopathological syndromes of schizophrenia. Evaluation of the dimensional structure of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).
Schizophrenia Bulletin.
2000;
26
167-177
PD Dr. phil. Reinhard Maß
Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie
Martinistraße 52
20246 Hamburg
Email: mass@uke.uni-hamburg.de