Zusammenfassung
Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen nach Hirnschädigungen sind sehr häufig und beeinträchtigen
- wenn sie unerkannt und unbehandelt bleiben - in hohem Maße die Lebensqualität des
Patienten und beeinflussen den Therapieerfolg erheblich. Aufmerksamkeitsdefizite sind
kein einheitliches Syndrom, sondern treten - insbesondere bei fokalen Läsionen - je
nach Schädigungslokalisation als spezifische Störungen unterschiedlicher Aufmerksamkeitsaspekte
auf. Nach psychologischen und neuropsychologischen Theorien können mindestens vier
Aufmerksamkeitsfunktionen unterschieden werden, nämlich „Alertness” (Aufmerksamkeitsaktivierung),
„Sustained Attention” (längerfristige Aufmerksamkeit, Daueraufmerksamkeit), „Selective
Attention” (selektive bzw. fokussierte Aufmerksamkeit) und „Divided Attention” (geteilte
oder verteilte Aufmerksamkeit). Zur Erfassung spezifischer Störungen in diesen verschiedenen
Bereichen ist eine differenzierte Aufmerksamkeitsdiagnostik notwendig, wobei sich
computergestützte Verfahren besonders bewährt haben, da nur sie mit Hilfe von Reaktionszeitmessungen
Aktivierungsparameter zuverlässig erfassen können.
Abstract
Attentional deficits after brain damage are very frequent and - if left untreated
- are detrimental to quality of life and have a negative influence even on the success
of neurological and neuropsychological therapy. Attentional deficits are not a unitary
syndrome but depending on lesion location especially with focalised lesions very specific
attentional deficits have to be expected. Following psychological and neuropsychological
theories, at least four attentional functions can be separated: alertness as the ability
to control arousal and response readiness, sustained attention and vigilance for long
time maintenance of activation, selective attention to separate irrelevant from relevant
features of a task and divided attention to share attentional resources between different
aspects of a task. In order to detect specific impairment of these different attentional
aspects, differentiated diagnostics are inevitable. It has been shown that for the
assessment of attention functions computerised tests are especially valuable since
precise measurement of response times is inevitable especially for the assessment
of intensity aspects of attention.
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Prof. Dr. Walter Sturm
Neurologische Klinik · Klinische Neuropsychologie · Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen
Pauwelsstraße 30
52074 Aachen
Email: sturm@neuropsych.rwth-aachen.de