Zusammenfassung
Im ersten Teil dieses Hintergrundpapiers wurden Begriffe im Kontext
der Anwendung von biologischen Markern in epidemiologischen Studien definiert
und deren historische Entwicklung am Beispiel der Herz-Kreislauf-Epidemiologie
dargestellt. Im Zentrum des zweiten Teils stehen DNA-basierte Biomarker,
praktische und methodische Aspekte des Einsatzes von Biomarkern in analytischen
epidemiologischen Studien sowie Anforderungen an deren Validierung und
Qualitätssicherung. Polymorphismen in der DNA besitzen vermutlich keinen
eigenständigen Krankheitswert. Einige können jedoch als Marker zum
Nachweis von individueller Sensitivität gegenüber Expositionen und
Suszeptibilität für bestimmte Erkrankungen in epidemiologischen
Studien eingesetzt werden. Das Human-Genom-Projekt hat zu einem Quantensprung
der Möglichkeiten für die Entwicklung von genetischen Markern
geführt, deren praktische Bedeutung gegenwärtig noch nicht
vollständig ermessen werden kann. Forschungsprogramme zur Untersuchung von
Gen-Umwelt-Interaktionen werden jedoch auch zukünftig auf die
„traditionellen” epidemiologischen Designs, Methoden und Konzepte
angewiesen sein. Berücksichtigung ethischer Prinzipien sowie Anforderungen
des Datenschutzes und der „Guten epidemiologischen Praxis” gelten
uneingeschränkt auch für die Genetische und Molekulare
Epidemiologie.
Abstract
The first part of this paper outlined terms and definitions in the
context of the application of biological markers in epidemiological studies.
Cardiovascular epidemiology served as an example for their historical
development. The second part focusses on DNA-based biomarkers, practical and
methodological dimensions of the use of biomarkers in analytic epidemiological
studies as well as requirements in respect of validity and quality assurance.
Most genetic polymorphisms have no impact on health. However, some can be used
as biomarkers for individual sensitvity to exposures and susceptibility for
specific diseases. The Human Genome Project has brought about a quantum leap in
the development of genetic markers. The practical implications cannot presently
be assessed with certainty. However, present and future research programmes of
gene-environment interactions depend on „traditional”
epidemiological study designs, methods, and concepts. Ethical principles and
data protection requirements apply equally to genetic and molecular
epidemiology as do the „Guidelines for Good Epidemiological
Practice”.
Schlüsselwörter
Biomarker - individuelle
Suszeptibilität - individuelle
Sensitivität - Molekulare
Epidemiologie - SNP - Genetische
Polymorphismen - Validität
Keywords
Biomarker - Individual
susceptibility - Individual sensitivity - Molecular
epidemiology - SNP - Genetic
polymorphism - Validity
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