Saccharomyces Boulardii and Bacillus Cereus Var. Toyoi Influence the Morphology and the Mucins of the Intestine of Pigs

Abstract

The mode of action of probiotics is still incompletely understood. To study the interactions between probiotic micro-organisms and the host their effects on morphology and mucins of the intestinal mucosa were investigated. Fifteen clinically healthy weaned pigs were divided into three groups and received either Saccharomyces boulardii or Bacillus cereus var. toyoi or were left untreated. Sections of duodenum, proximal and mid jejunum, ileum, caecum, and colon were examined. An increase of villus length in the small intestine and a decrease in the number of goblet cells with 2.6-sialylated mucins in the large intestine were observed in both treatment groups. There were no differences in crypt morphology, number of Ki67-positive cells, total number of goblet cells and number of goblet cells with acidic, neutral, sulphated, or 2.3-sialylated mucins between groups. The results indicate an effect of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus cereus var. toyoi on the intestinal architecture of pigs.

Zusammenfassung

Der Wirkungsmechanismus von Probiotika ist noch immer nur unvollständig bekannt. Um die Interaktionen zwischen probiotischen Mikroorganismen und dem Wirtsorganismus zu untersuchen, wurde ihr Einfluss auf Morphologie und Muzine der intestinalen Mukosa betrachtet. Fünfzehn klinisch gesunde Absetzferkel wurden in drei Gruppen eingeteilt und erhielten entweder Saccharomyces boulardii oder Bacillus cereus var. toyoi oder blieben unbehandelt. Abschnitte von Duodenum, proximalem und mittlerem Jejunum, Ileum, Zäkum und Kolon wurden untersucht. Ein Anstieg der Zottenlänge im Dünndarm und ein Abfall der Zahl von Becherzellen mit 2,6-sialinierten Muzinen im Dickdarm wurden in beiden behandelten Gruppen beobachtet. In der Kryptmorphologie, der Zahl Ki67-positiver Zellen, der Gesamtzahl der Becherzellen und der Zahl der Becherzellen mit sauren, neutralen, sulfatierten und 2,3-sialinierten Muzinen traten keine Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen auf. Diese Ergebnisse deuten auf einen Einfluss von Saccharomyces boulardii und Bacillus cereus var. toyoi auf die intestinale Morphologie von Schweinen hin.

Probiotics - Intestine - Goblet Cells - Mucins - Pigs

Probiotika - Darm - Becherzellen - Muzine - Schwein

References

• 1 Fuller R. Probiotics in man and animals.  J Appl Bacteriol. 1989;  66 365-378
• 2 Fox S M. Probiotics: Intestinal inoculants for production animals.  Vet Med. 1988;  83 806-830
• 3 Elmer G W, Surawicz C M, McFarland L V. Biotherapeutic agents, a neglected modality for the treatment and prevention of selected intestinal and vaginal infections.  JAMA. 1996;  275 870-876
• 4 Rembacken B J, Snelling A M, Hawkey P M, Chalmers D M, Axon A TR. Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: A randomised trial.  Lancet. 1999;  354 635-639
• 5 Plein K, Hotz J. Therapeutic effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on mild residual symptoms in a stable phase of Crohn’s disease with special respect to chronic diarrhea - a pilot study.  Z Gastroenterol. 1993;  31 129-134
• 6 McFarland L V, Surawicz C M, Greenberg R N. et al . Randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease.  JAMA. 1994;  271 1913-1918
• 7 Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Arvillomi H. et al . Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic diesease: A randomised placebo-controlled trial.  Lancet. 2001;  357 1076-1079
• 8 Perdigon G, de Macias M E, Alvarez S, Oliver G, Ruiz Holgado A A. Effect of perorally administered lactobacilli on macrophage activation in mice.  Infect Immun. 1986;  53 404-410
• 9 Buts J P, Bernasconi P, Vaerman J, Dive C. Stimulation of secretory IgA and secretory component of immunglobulins in small intestine of rats treated with S. boulardii.  Dig Dis Sci. 1990;  35 251-256
• 10 Winckler C, Schröder B, Breves G. Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii, Bacillus cereus var. caron and Bacillus cereus var. toyoi on epithelial transport functions in pig jejunum.  Z Gastroenterol. 1998;  (Suppl 1) 30S-37S
• 11 Buts J P, Bernasconi P, van Craynest M, Maldague P, de Meyer R. Response of human and rat small intestinal mucosa to oral administration of Saccharomyces boulardii.  Ped Res. 1986;  20 192-196
• 12 Jahn H, Ullrich R, Schneider T. et al . Immunological and trophical effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on the small intestine in healthy human volunteers.  Digestion. 1996;  57 95-104
• 13 Forstner J F. Intestinal mucins in health and disease.  Digestion. 1978;  17 243-263
• 14 Klein S M, Elmer G W, McFarland L V, Surawicz C M, Levy R H. Recovery and elimination of the biotherapeutic agent, Saccharomyces boulardii, in healthy human volunteers.  Pharm Res. 1993;  10 1615-1619
• 15 Mathew A G, Chattin S E, Robbins C M, Golden D A. Effects of a direct-fed yeast culture on enteric microbial populations, fermentation acids and performance of weanling pigs.  J Anim Sci. 1998;  76 2138-2145
• 16 De Cupere F, Deprez P, Demeullenare D, Muylle E. Evaluation of the effect of 3 Probiotics on experimental Escherichia coli enterotoxemia in weaned piglets.  J Vet med B. 1992;  39 277-284
• 17 Mowry R W. Alcian blue techniques for the histochemical study of acidic carbohydrates.  J Histochem Cytochem. 1956;  4 407
• 18 Spicer S S. Diamine methods for differentiating mucosubstances histochemically.  J Histochem Cytochem. 1965;  13 211-234
• 19 Pusztai A, Ewen S WB, Grant G. et al . Lectins and also bacteria modify the glycosylation of gut surface receptors in the rat.  Glycoconj J. 1995;  12 22-35
• 20 Liebler-Tenorio E M, Pohlenz J F. Experimental mucosal disease of cattle: Changes in cell proliferation in lymphoid tissues and intestinal epithelium.  J Comp Path. 1997;  117 339-350
• 21 Hornich M, Salajka E, Ulmann L, Sarmanova Z, Sedlacek M. Enteric Escherichia coli infections: Morphological findings in the intestinal mucosa of healthy and diseased piglets.  Vet Pathol. 1973;  10 484-500
• 22 Hampson D J. Alterations in piglet small intestinal structure at weaning.  Res Vet Sci. 1986;  40 32-40
• 23 Kik M JL, Huisman J, van der Poel A FB, Mouwen J MVM. Pathologic changes of the small intestinal mucosa of pigs after feeding Phaseolus vulgaris beans.  Vet Pathd. 1990;  27 329-334
• 24 Makinde M O, Umapathy E, Akingberni B T, Mandisodza K T, Skadhauge E. Differential response of legumes and creep feeding on gut morphology and faecal composition in weanling pigs.  Comp Biochem Physiol. 1997;  118a 349-354
• 25 Abrams G D, Bauer H, Sprinz H. Influence of the normal flora on mucosal morphology and cellular renewal in the ileum. A comparison of germ-free and conventional mice.  Lab Invest. 1963;  12 355-364
• 26 Koopman J P, Welling G W, Huybregts A W, Mullink J W, Prins R A. Association of germ-free mice with intestinal microfloras.  Z Versuchstierk. 1981;  23 145-154
• 27 Buts J P, de Kayser N, de Raedemaker L. Saccharomyces boulardii enhances rat intestinal enzyme expression by endoluminal release of polyamines.  Pediatr Res. 1994;  36 522-527
• 28 Sakata T, Kojima T, Fujeda M, Miyakozawa M, Takahashi M, Ushida K. Probiotic preparations dose-dependently increase net production rates of organic acids and decrease that of ammonia by pig caecal bacteria in batch culture.  Dig Dis Sci. 1999;  44 1485-1493
• 29 Ramachandran A, Madesh M, Balasubramanian K A. Apoptosis in the intestinal epithelium: Its relevance in normal and pathophysiological conditions.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;  15 109-120
• 30 Ito K, Takaishi H, Jin Y, Song F, Denning T L, Ernst P B. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B stimulates expansion of autoreactive T cells that induce apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells: Regulation of autoreactive responses by IL-10.  J Immunol. 2000;  164 2994-3000
• 31 Sakata T, Sekoyama H. Local stimulatory effect of short chain fatty acids on the mucus release from the hindgut mucosa of rats (Rattus norvegicus).  Comp Biochem Physiol A. 1995;  111 429-432
• 32 Krempl C, Ballesteros M L, Zimmer G, Enjuanes L, Klenk H D, Herrler G. Characterization of the sialic acid binding activity of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus by analysis of haemagglutination-deficient mutants.  J Gen Virol. 2000;  2 489-496
• 33 Hooper L V, Wong M H, Thelin A, Hannson L, Falk P, Gordon J. Molecular Analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine.  Science. 2001;  291 881-884