Small for Gestational Age - Körperliche, neurologische und kognitive Entwicklung bis ins Erwachsenenalter

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Die körperliche, neurologische und kognitive Entwicklung ehemaliger small for gestational age (SGA)-Geborener bis in das Erwachsenenalter wurde in den letzten Jahren immer häufiger untersucht. Ziel dieses Reviewartikels ist es, die Studien über Mortalität, Morbidität, die körperliche, neurologische und kognitive Entwicklung von SGA-Kindern zu vergleichen und solche Ergebnisse zusammenzufassen, welche trotz unterschiedlicher Studiendesigns erkennbar sind.

Methodik: In den Studien wurden einerseits very low birth weight SGA-Kinder (VLBW-SGA) mit appropriate for age-Kindern (VLBW-AGA) mit einem Geburtsgewicht unter 1500 g bzw. unter 1250 g verglichen. Andererseits wurden full-term SGA-Kinder (FT-SGA) mit FT-AGA-Kindern verglichen.

Ergebnisse: SGA-Kinder blieben mit dem Wachstum unter der 10. Perzentile, wenn sie nicht spätestens bis zum Ende des 2. Lebensjahres aufgeholt hatten. Zerebralparesen traten bei VLBW-SGA-Kindern seltener auf als bei VLBW-AGA-Kindern. VLBW-SGA- bzw. FT-SGA-Kinder hatten häufiger kognitive Entwicklungsprobleme als VLBW-AGA- bzw. FT-AGA-Kinder. Die kognitiven Entwicklungsprobleme zeigten sich vor allem im Schulbereich. Im Erwachsenenalter konnten nur geringe Unterschiede in der kognitiven Entwicklung gefunden werden. Ein niedriger Sozialstatus sowie eine persistierende Mikrozephalie waren häufig mit einer schlechteren neurologischen und kognitiven Entwicklung verbunden.

Schlussfolgerung und Diskussion: SGA-Kinder haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für geringeres Wachstum und kognitive Entwicklungsprobleme. Ob diese kognitiven Entwicklungsprobleme tatsächlich bis in das Erwachsenenalter bestehen bleiben, müssen weitere Langzeitstudien zeigen.

Abstract

Background: The somatic, neurological and cognitive development of children born small for gestational age (SGA) until adulthood was assessed in recent studies. Studies that assessed mortality, morbidity, somatic, neurological and cognitive development of SGA children were compared.

Materials and Methods: In the studies very low birth weight SGA children were compared to very low birth weight appropriate for age children (AGA, birth weight below 1500 g or 1250 g). Full-term SGA children were compared to full-term appropriate for age children. Growth of SGA children remained under the 10th percentile, if catch up growth did not occur until the end of the second year. Cerebral palsy appeared more often in VLBW-AGA than in VLBW-SGA children. Cognitive development problems appeared in VLBW-SGA and FT-SGA children more often than in VLBW-AGA and FT-AGA children. These cognitive development problems were observed mainly as poor school performance. When reaching adulthood, the differences in cognitive function seem to be less significant. Low socioeconomic status and persistence of microcephaly were associated with problems in neurological and cognitive development.

Conclusions and Discussion: Growth and cognitive development problems appeared more often in SGA children. More longterm studies are necessary to show, if these cognitive development problems remain significant until adulthood.

Small for gestational age - Mortalität - Morbidität - kognitive Entwicklung

Small for gestational age - mortality - morbidity - cognitive development

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