Hintergrund und Fragestellung: In
der Leukämiebehandlung mit Stammzelltransplantation spielt
der immunologische Effekt der allogenen T-Lymphozyten vermutlich
eine größere Rolle als die hochdosierte Ganzkörperbestrahlung
und Chemotherapie. Unter Ausnützung dieses Immuneffektes
wird gegenwärtig versucht, die Dosis stammzell-toxischer
Vorbehandlung wie der Ganzkörperbestrahlung zu reduzieren
und damit die Transplantation einem größeren Kreis
von Patienten mit hohem Transplantationsrisiko zugänglich
zu machen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden drei laufende Studien
zu diesem Ansatz bei verschiedenen Krankheitsentitäten
vorgestellt.
Patienten und Methodik: Ältere
Patienten mit chronischer myeloischer Leukämie haben ein
erhöhtes Transplantationsrisiko und werden mit einer stufenweise
reduzierten Ganzkörperbestrahlung konditioniert (n = 27).
Fortgeschrittene und therapierefraktäre myeloische Leukämien
werden mit Chemotherapie und dosisreduzierter Bestrahlung konditioniert
(FLAMSA-Protokoll: n = 54); beim multiplen
Myelom ermöglicht die autologe Transplantation mit hochdosierter
Chemotherapie die spätere allogene Transplantation nach
reduzierter Vorbehandlung (Tandem-Protokoll, n = 6).
Ergebnisse: Die Reduktion der Ganzkörperbestrahlung
war bei allen drei Protokollen im historischen Vergleich nicht nachteilig.
Bei der CML traten keine gehäuften Rezidive auf. Das FLAMSA-Protokoll
erbrachte bei AML mit hohem Risiko ein günstiges Überleben.
Die autolog-allogene Tandem-Transplantation wurde vergleichsweise
gut vertragen und erbrachte ein Ansprechen bei allen Patienten.
Folgerung: Die allogene Transplantation
nach dosisreduzierter Konditionierung eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten
sowohl bezüglich der Ausweitung der Transplantationsindikation
als auch bezüglich der Therapie bislang nur unbefriedigend
zu behandelnder Erkrankungen.
Background and objective: In the treatment
of leukemia by stem cell transplantation, the immunological effects
of allogeneic T-lymphocytes presumably play a greater part than
high-dosage total-body irradiation (TBI) and chemotherapy. Using
this immunological effect, attempts are currently being made to
reduce the dosage of pre-treatment that is toxic to stem cell, such
as TBI, thereby making transplantation available for a larger group
of patients at high risk for transplantation. This study presents
preliminary results of three current studies of this approach.
Patients and methods: Elderly patients
with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have an increased transplantation
risk. They were conditioned with TBI that was reduced stepwise (n = 27). Patients
with advanced and refractory myeloid leukemia were treated with
chemotherapy and dose-reduced TBI (FLAMSA protocol; n = 54).
In patients with multiple myeloma, autologous transplantation with
high-dose chemotherapy preceded allogeneic transplantation possible
after dose-reduced conditioning (Tandem protocol; n = 6).
Results: All three protocols of TBI
gave results that were not worse than those of previous studies.
Relapse ocurred not more frequently in patients with CML. In patients
with high-risk AML the FLAMSA protocol gave better results. Autologous-allogeneic tandem
transplantation was well tolerated and led to a good response in
all patients.
Conclusion: Allogeneic transplantation
after dose-reduced conditioning opens up new possibilities with
respect to widening indications for transplantation and improving
results in hematological diseases with previously unsatisfactory
treatment.
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Dr. med. Christoph Schmid
KMT-Ambulanz M 21, Klinikum Großhadern
Marchioninistraße 15
81377 München
Phone: 089/70954241
Fax: 089/70954242
Email: Christoph.Schmid@med3.med.uni-muenchen.de