Issues Contrasting Adult Acquired Versus Developmental Apraxia of Speech

ABSTRACT

Acquired and developmental apraxia of speech (AOS and DAS) are defined as disorders of the transition from an abstract phonological code into motor commands. However, the natural course of these disorders differs substantially because of the fundamental difference in the developmental stage at which the apraxia expresses itself. In normal and pathological development alike, development of language and speech is an interactive process, involving speech motor control, perception, and psycholinguistic processes. Infant speech develops from random babbling and sensomotoric learning, followed by more abstract phonological acquisition. Supposing that the core deficit of DAS comprises a reduced sensomotoric learning capacity explains a large part of the symptomatology of DAS in the psycholinguistic domain because of the impact on phonological, perceptual, and higher-level processes. This contrasts with adults with AOS, who already have acquired stable top-down processes. Implications for clinical management are discussed.

Speech motor disorders - speech development - psycholinguistics - child neuropsychology

REFERENCES

• 1 Levelt W JM, Roelofs A, Meyer A S. A theory of lexical access in speech production.  Behav Brain Sci . 1999;  22 1-75
• 2 McNeil M R, Robin D A, Schmidt R A. Apraxia of speech: definition, differentiation, and treatment. In: McNeil MR, ed. Clinical Management of Sensorimotor Speech Disorders New York: Thieme 1997: 311-344
• 3 Guyette T H, Diedrich W M. A critical review of developmental apraxia of speech. In: Lass NJ, ed. Speech and Language Advances in Basic Research and Practice New York: Academic Press 1981: 1-49
• 4 Ballard K J, Granier J P, Robin D A. Understanding the nature of apraxia of speech: theory, analysis, and treatment.  Aphasiology . 2000;  14 969-995
• 5 Levelt C C, Schiller N O, Levelt W JM. A developmental grammar for syllable structure in the production of child language.  Brain Lang . 1999;  68 291-299
• 6 Bishop D VM. Cognitive neuropsychology and developmental disorders: uncomfortable bedfellows.  Q J Exp Psychol . 1997;  50A 899-923
• 7 Locke J L. Gradual emergence of developmental language disorders.  J Speech Hear Res . 1994;  37 608-616
• 8 Kent R D. Articulatory-acoustic perspectives on speech development. In: Stark RE, ed. Language Behavior in Infancy and Early Childhood New York: Elsevier North-Holland 1981: 105-126
• 9 Koopmans-van Beinum F J, Jansonius-Schultheiss  K, van der Stelt M J. Early stages of speech movements. In: Lindblom B, Zetterstrom R, eds. Precursors of Early Speech New York: Macmillan 1986: 37-50
• 10 MacNeilage P F, Davis B L. Relations between consonants and vowels in babbling: the vowel height dimension. In: Maassen B, Hulstijn W, Kent RD, Peters HFM, van Lieshout PHHM, eds. Speech Motor Control in Normal and Disordered Speech Proceedings of the 4th International Speech Motor Conference; June 13-16, 2001; Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Nijmegen, the Netherlands: Uitgeverij Vantilt 2001: 49-51
• 11 Mitchell P R, Kent R D. Phonetic variation in multisyllabic babbling.  Journal of Child Language . 1990;  17 247-265
• 12 Sussman H M, Minifie F D, Buder E H, Stoel-Gammon C, Smith J. Consonant-vowel interdependencies in babbling and early words: preliminary examination of a locus equation approach.  J Speech Hear Res . 1996;  39 424-433
• 13 Oller D K, Eilers R E, Urbano R, Cobo-Lewis A B. Development of precursors to speech in infants exposed to two languages.  Journal of Child Language . 1997;  24 407-425
• 14 Shriberg L D, Flipsen P, Thielke H. Risk for speech disorder associated with early recurrent otitis media with effusion: two retrospective studies.  J Speech Lang Hear Res . 2000;  43 79-99
• 15 Smith B L. Implications of infant vocalizations for assessing phonological disorders. In: Lass NJ, ed. Speech and Language-Advances in Basic Research and Practice, 11th ed New York: Academic Press 1984: 169-195
• 16 Oller D K, Eilers R E, Neal A R, Schwartz H K. Precursors to speech in infancy: the prediction of speech and language disorders.  J Commun Disord . 1999;  32 223-245
• 17 Guenther F H, Hampson M, Johnson D. A theoretical investigation of reference frames for the planning of speech movements.  Psychol Rev . 1998;  105 611-633
• 18 Callan D E, Kent R D, Guenther F H, Vorperian H. An auditory-feedback-based neural network model of speech production that is robust to developmental changes in the size and shape of the articulatory system.  J Speech Lang Hear Res . 2000;  43 721-736
• 19 Shriberg L D, Aram D M, Kwiatkowski J. Developmental apraxia of speech. I. Descriptive and theoretical perspectives.  J Speech Lang Hear Res . 1997;  40 273-285
• 20 Rosenbek J C, Wertz R T. Oral sensation and perception in apraxia of speech and aphasia.  J Speech Hear Res . 1973;  16 22-36
• 21 Yoss K A, Darley F L. Developmental apraxia of speech in children with defective articulation.  J Speech Hear Res . 1974;  17 399-416
• 22 Thoonen G, Maassen B, Gabreëls F, Schreuder R. Validity of maximum performance tasks to diagnose motor speech disorders in children.  Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics . 1999;  13 1-23
• 23 McCabe P, Rosenthal J B, McLeod S. Features of developmental dyspraxia in the general speech-impaired population?.  Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics . 1998;  12 105-126
• 24 Ferry P C, Hall S M, Hicks J L. ``Dilapidated'' speech-developmental verbal dyspraxia.  Dev Med Child Neurol . 1975;  17 749-756
• 25 Hoit-Dalgaard J, Murry T, Kopp H. Voice-onset-time production and perception in apraxic subjects.  Brain Lang . 1983;  20 329-339
• 26 Groenen P, Maassen B, Crul T H, Thoonen G. The specific relation between perception and production errors for place of articulation in developmental apraxia of speech.  J Speech Hear Res . 1996;  39 468-482
• 27 Marion M J, Sussman H M, Marquardt T P. The perception and production of rhyme in normal and developmentally apraxic children.  J Commun Disord . 1993;  26 129-160
• 28 Kent R D, Adams S G, Turner G S. Models of speech production. In: Lass NJ, ed. Principles of Experimental Phonetics Baltimore, MD: Mosby 1996: 3-45
• 29 Nittrouer S, Studdert-Kennedy M, McGowan R S. The emergence of phonetic segments-evidence from the spectral structure of fricative-vowel syllables spoken by children and adults.  J Speech Hear Res . 1989;  32 120-132
• 30 Nittrouer S. The emergence of mature gestural patterns is not uniform: evidence from an acoustic study.  J Speech Hear Res . 1993;  36 959-972
• 31 Nittrouer S, Studdert-Kennedy M, Neely S T. How children learn to organize their speech gestures: further evidence from fricative-vowel syllables.  J Speech Hear Res . 1996;  39 379-389
• 32 McCune L, Vihman M M. Early phonetic and lexical development: a productivity approach.  J Speech Hear Res . 2001;  44 670-684
• 33 Hall P K, Jordan L S, Robin D A. Developmental Apraxia of Speech.  Austin, TX: Pro-ed 1993
• 34 Ozanne A E. The search for developmental verbal dyspraxia. In: Dodd B, ed. Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Children with Speech Disorders London: Whurr Publishers 1995: 91-109
• 35 Shriberg L D, Aram D M, Kwiatkowski J. Developmental apraxia of speech. III. A subtype marked by inappropriate stress.  J Speech Hear Res . 1997;  40 313-337
• 36 Thoonen G, Maassen B, Gabreëls F, Schreuder R, de Swart B. Towards a standardised assessment procedure for developmental apraxia of speech.  Eur J Disord Commun . 1997;  32 37-60
• 37 Darley F L, Aronson A E, Brown J R. Motor Speech Disorders.  Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders 1975
• 38 McNeil M R. The assiduous challenge of defining and explaining apraxia of speech. In: Maassen B, Hulstijn W, Kent RD, Peters HFM, van Lieshout PHHM, eds. Speech Motor Control in Normal and Disordered Speech Proceedings of the 4th International Speech Motor Conference; June 13-16, 2001; Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen: Uitgeverij Vantilt 2001: 337-342
• 39 Dogil G, Mayer J, Vollmer K. A representational account for apraxia of speech. In: Powell TW, ed. Pathologies of Speech and Language: Contributions of Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics New Orleans, LA: ICPLA 1996: 95-99
• 40 Horwitz S J. Neurological findings in developmental verbal apraxia.  Semin Speech Lang . 1984;  5 111-118
• 41 Locke J L. Neural specializations for language: a developmental perspective.  Seminars in the Neurosciences . 1992;  4 425-431
• 42 Vargha-Khadem F, Watkins K E, Price C J. Neural basis of inherited speech and language disorder.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1998;  95 12695-12700
• 43 Connery V M. Nuffield Dyspraxia Programme, rev.  ed. London: The Nuffield Hearing and Speech Centre 1992
• 44 Erlings-van Deurse M, Freriks A, Goudt-Bakker K, van der Meulen S J, de Vries L. Dyspraxie Programma Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger 1993