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DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-35853
Persönlichkeit und Persönlichkeitsstörungen I
Zur Universalität und Sensitivität dimensionaler Beschreibungssysteme (hierarchische Persönlichkeitsmodelle) für PersönlichkeitsstörungenPersonality and Personality Disorders IUniversality and Sensitivity of Dimensional Personality Models as Diagnostic Systems for Personality Disorders Die Untersuchung wurde durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft unterstützt (STE 523/4 - 1).Publication History
Publication Date:
02 December 2002 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Im Rahmen dimensionaler Diagnostik von Persönlichkeitsstörungen (PS) werden sowohl kontinuierliche Übergänge von normalen zu pathologischen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalsausprägungen (Kontinuitätshypothese) als auch eine universelle Gültigkeit basaler Persönlichkeitsdimensionen (Universalitätshypothese) postuliert. In der vorliegenden Studie werden drei unterschiedlich konzipierte hierarchische Persönlichkeitsmodelle, die alle auch zur dimensionalen Erfassung von PS diskutiert werden, hinsichtlich ihrer strukturellen Ähnlichkeiten analysiert und in Bezug auf Universalität und Sensitivität ihrer Beschreibungsmatrix für PS untersucht. Hierzu wurde an einer nicht-klinischen (n = 156) und klinischen (n = 220) Stichprobe mit einem Sub-Sample von 69 Patienten mit mindestens einer PS nach DSM-IV einmal der „Sechs-Faktoren-Test” (SFT) zur Erfassung der Big-Five-Faktoren, das „Temperament- und Charakter-Inventar (TCI) zur Erfassung der 7 Persönlichkeitsfaktoren des psychobiologischen Persönlichkeitsmodells von Cloninger und das „Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology - Basic Questionnaire” (DAPP) von Livesley zur Erfassung von 18 Basisfaktoren und 4 übergeordneten Faktoren zweiter Ordnung zur Anwendung gebracht. Die facettenanalytischen Ähnlichkeitsuntersuchungen, die Mittelwertsvergleiche und Regressionsanalysen konfirmieren sowohl für die nicht-klinische als auch klinische Stichprobe über die konzeptionellen und terminologischen Unterschiede der Ansätze hinweg eine universell gültige 4-dimensionale Erfassungsmatrix. Hierbei zeigt der DAPP im Vergleich mit dem Big-Five-Konzept und dem psychobiologischen Modell die höchste Sensitivität zur differenziellen Erfassung von PS insgesamt.
Abstract
Objektive: A dimensional diagnostic system for personality disorders (PD) postulates continous transitions from normal to disordered personalities (continuity hypothesis) and universal validity of basic personality dimensions (universal hypothesis). In the present study three dimensional personality models that claim to provide a systematic representation of the overall domain of personality disorders were compared: the Big-Five model proposed by Costa and McCrae, the psychobiological model proposed by Cloninger and collegeas, and the “Dimensional Assessment of Personal Pathology (DAPP)” model proposed by Livesley and collegeas. Method: The “Six Factor Test” (SFT) measuring the Big-Five factors of personality, the “Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI)” measuring 4 temperament and 3 character dimensions, and the DAPP measuring 18 basic traits and 4 second ordered factors were admistered to general population subjects (n = 156), and a clinical sample (n = 220) including a subsample of 69 patients with at least one diagnosis of DSM-IV PD. Group comparisons, regression analyses, and facet theoretical analyses were conducted. Results: The nonmetric similarity analyses of the three personality models show a nearly identical radex-representation of the second ordered factors in the non-clinical and clinical sample reflecting an universal validity of 4 basic personality dimensions and confirming the universal hypothesis. In comparison with the BIG-Five concept and the psychobiological model the DAPP model seems to be more sensitive to differenciate PD patients from controls with a reclassification rate of 94.5 %. Conclusions: The Big-Five model, the DAPP and the TCI represent a substantially similar domain despite their different conceptualization. However, the DAPP was more sensitive to differences between PD patients and controls, offered a more comprehensive account of PD, and could differentiate the two groups more effectively.
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Prof. Dr. phil. E. M. Steinmeyer
Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universität zu Köln
Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9
50924 Köln
Email: Eckhard.Steinmeyer@medizin.uni-koeln.de