Zusammenfassung
Obstruktionsbedingte Cholestase ist eine häufige klinische
Manifestation bei Patienten mit Pankreaskarzinom. 52 % der
Patienten mit einem potenziell resektablen Tumor klagen über einen
schmerzlosen Ikterus als das erste Symptom. Bei Patienten mit operablem
Pankreaskarzinom wird häufig präoperativ eine endoskopische Ableitung
der Gallengangsobstruktion vorgenommen, deren positiver Effekt durch Studien
allerdings nicht belegt ist. Morbidität (53 %) und
Mortalität (15 %) sind für Patienten, die ohne
vorherige Drainage operiert werden, nicht signifikant verschieden im Vergleich
zu Patienten, die erst nach erfolgreicher endoskopischer Drainage chirurgisch
behandelt werden (Morbidität 41 %; Mortalität
15 %). Für Patienten mit inoperablem Pankreaskarzinom und
dadurch bedingter obstruktiver Cholestase ist die interventionelle Endoskopie
mit transpapillärer Ableitung der Gallenwege die Therapie der Wahl, wenn
nicht aus anderen Gründen (z. B. Magenausgangsstenose) operiert
werden muss. Faktoren, wie die zu erwartende Lebensdauer und Aspekte der
Lebensqualität, beeinflussen die Entscheidung, ob die Implantation von
Metallgitterstents oder von Plastikstents vorgenommen werden soll.
Metallgitterstents sind bei Patienten mit einer Lebenserwartung von mehr als
sechs Monaten zu bevorzugen. Plastikstents sind in dreimonatigem Abstand zu
wechseln, um Okklusionen und Cholangitiden vorzubeugen. Nach sechs Monaten sind
nahezu 70 % der Patienten mit geplantem Wechsel der Plastikstents
symptomfrei, dagegen nur 40 % der Patienten mit nur bedarfsweisem
Stentwechsel. Das Vorgehen mit planmäßigem Wechsel der Plastikstents
führt zu einer identischen Stentoffenheitsrate im Vergleich zu
Metallgitterstents.
Abstract
Obstructive jaundice is a common clincical sign in patients with pancreatic
cancer. 52 % of all patients with a potentially resectable
pancreatic cancer suffer from painless obstructive jaundice. There are no
prospective studies showing a beneficial effect of preoperative drainage in
patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. Morbidity (53 %) and
mortality (15 %) in patients without preoperative biliary
drainage are not significantly different from those who had endoscopic drainage
preoperatively (morbidity 41 %; mortality 15 %).
However, there are some logistic reasons for preoperative drainage, especially
if surgery is delayed. In cases of nonresectable pancreatic cancer endoscopic
drainage for palliation of obstructive jaundice is the method of choice. The
decision between metallic and plastic stents for palliation is based on
expected survival time and quality of life. Implantation of metal stents is the
method of choice in patients with life expectancy exceeding six months.
Scheduled three months exchange of plastic stents is recommended to avoid
complications. After a six months interval about 70 % of patients
with scheduled exchange are without symptoms, compared to about
40 % of patients who had exchange of plastic stents on demand.
Scheduled three months exchange of plastic stents leeds to a patency rate of
plastic stents comparable to those of metallic stents.
Schlüsselwörter
Pankreastumor - extrahepatische Cholestase - endoskopisch retrograde Cholangiopancreatiographie - Metallgitterstents - Plastikstents - Palliativtherapie - Ikterus
Key words
Pancreatic neoplasms - bile duct obstruction - extrahepatic cholangiopancreatography - endoscopic retrograde - metals - plastics - stents - palliative care - jaundice
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Dr. med. Stefan Kahl
Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie · Otto-von-Guericke- Universität Magdeburg
Leipziger Str. 44
39120 Magdeburg
Phone: 03 91/6 71 31 00
Fax: 03 91/6 71 31 05
Email: stefan.kahl@medizin.uni-magdeburg.de