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DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-41267
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttart, New York · Masson Editeur Paris
What Do Knockout Models Teach Us About the Enteric Nervous System?
Publication History
Received: February 18, 2003
Publication Date:
26 August 2003 (online)
Abstract
Since the first histological studies, enormous strides have been made in understanding the genetics and cell biology of enteric nervous system (ENS) formation. Several mitogenic and trophic factors have been implicated in the process of neural cell proliferation and differentiation. A number of natural (piebald-lethal mice [sl], lethal spotting mice [ls], spotting lethal rats [sl]) or target (Gfrα1-deficient mice, ret.k- mice, and NT-4 knockout mice) mutations have been reported to produce developmental defects in neural crest cell migration, differentiation or survival. Study of these mutations continues to provide new insights into this complex system. In the present investigation, we showed that a lack of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or growth hormone (GH) leads to morphological abnormalities of the enteric nervous system. Because knockouts, neither of FGF nor of GH, produce enteric nervous system defects substantial enough to compromise the ability of the gut to support life, we postulate that FGF and GH affect only a relatively small subset of neurons and/or that compensatory effects of other growth factors might occur.
Résumé
Depuis les premières études histologiques, d'énormes progrès ont été faits dans la compréhension de la génétique et de la biologie cellulaire du système nerveux entérique. Plusieurs facteurs mitogénétiques et trophiques ont été impliqués dans le processus de la prolifération et de la différenciation des cellules neuronales. Un nombre de mutations naturelles (souris piebald-lethal [S1], souris lethal spotting [ls], rat lethal spotting [sl], ou cible (Gfrα1-souris déficiente, souris ret.k, et NT-4 souris knockout) a été décrit pour reproduire des défects dans la migration de la crête neurale, dans sa différenciation ou sa survie. Les études de ces mutations continuent à procurer de nouveaux éclairages dans ce système complexe. Dans l'investigation présente, nous montrons qu'un manque de facteur de croissance du fibroblaste (FGF) et de l'hormone de croissance (GH) conduit à des anomalies morphologiques du système nerveux entérique. Parce que le knockout, ni FGF, ni GH, comprend des altérations du système nerveux suffisantes pour compromettre les capacités de l'intestin à supporter la vie, nous postulons que FGF et GH affectent seulement un nombre relativement petit de neurones et/ou que des effets compensateurs surviennent.
Resumen
Desde los primeros estudios histológicos se ha avanzado mucho en la comprensión de la genética y de la biología celular del sistema nerviosos entérico (ENS). Varios factores mitogénicos y tróficos han sido implicados en el proceso de proliferación de células neurales y en su diferenciación. Algunas mutaciones naturales (ratones piebald-lethal s1, lethal spotting [ls], ratas lethal spotting [sl]) o provocadas (ratones Gfrα-1-deficientes, ratones ret.K- o ratones knock-out NT-4) producen defectos de desarrollo en la migracion de las células de la cresta neural y en su diferenciación y sobrevivencia. El estudio de estas mutaciones proporciona aún nuevas perspectivas sobre este sistema complejo. En esta investigación mostramos que la falta de factor básico de crecimiento fibroblástico (bFGF) o de hormona de crecimiento (GH) producen anomalías morfológicas del sistema nervioso entérico. Debido a que ni los ratones knock-out para FGF ni los knock-out para GH sufren defectos del sistema entérico suficientemente importantes como para comprometer la capacidad del intestino para mantener la vida creemos que FGF y GH afectan solamente a una pequeña proporción de neuronas y/o que los efectos compensadores de otros factores de crecimiento pueden jugar un papel.
Zusammenfassung
Seit den ersten histologischen Untersuchungen hat sich das Verständnis über die genetischen und zellbiologischen Vorgänge während der Entwicklung des Enterischen Nervensystems (ENS) grundlegend weiterentwickelt. Verschiedene mitogene und trophische Faktoren sind an der Teilung und Differenzierung enterischer Neurone beteiligt. Zahlreiche natürlich auftretende (piebald-lethal [sl], lethal spotting [ls], spotting lethal [sl]) oder erzeugte Mutationen (Gfrα1-defiziente Maus, ret.k--Maus, und NT-4-knockout-Maus) lösen Störungen in der Migration, Differenzierung oder dem Überleben der Neuralleistenzellen aus. Studien dieser Mutationen haben zu neuen Einblicken in die komplexen Vorgänge der Entwicklung und Störungen des Enterischen Nervensystems geführt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein Mangel an Fibroblasten-Wachstumsfaktor (FGF) und Wachstumshormon (GH) zu morphologischen Veränderungen des Enterischen Nervensystems führt. Da jedoch weder der Mangel an FGF noch GH schwerwiegend genug ist, um die Überlebensfähigkeit zu beeinträchtigen, wird wahrscheinlich nur eine kleine Subpopulation enterischer Neurone betroffen und/oder andere Wachstumsfaktoren wirken kompensatorisch.
Key words
Hirschsprung's disease - knockout model - bFGF - GH
Mots-clés
Maladie de Hirschsprung - modèle knockout - bFGF - GH
Palabras clave
Hirschsprung - modelo knock-out - bFGF - GH
Schlüsselwörter
Enterisches Nervensystem - Entwicklung - Morbus Hirschsprung - Knockout-Modelle - Tierversuch - Mutationen - Fibroblasten-Wachstumsfaktor
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Prof. Dr. Karl-Herbert Schäfer
Department of Paediatric Surgery
University Hospital of Heidelberg at Mannheim
Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1 - 3
68135 Mannheim
Germany
Email: cornelia.hagl@kch.ma.uni-heidelberg.de