Abstract
Aim: We developed and evaluated a simulator
for the sonography of the abdomen in order to improve the teaching quality in
sonography training. Method: Eleven medicine residents
who had received 4 to 12 months full time sonography training performed
ultrasound examinations of the right upper quadrant in 5 consecutive patients
and in 5 simulator cases. The correctness of their findings and the time
required for the examinations were measured. The subjective confidence in their
findings and the handling of the ultrasound machines were rated on a visual
analogue scale. Results: During patient ultrasound
examination 75 % (SEM 9 %) of all pathologic
findings were recognized by the residents, whereas 71 % (SEM
8 %) of the pathologies of the simulator cases were found. This
minimal difference was not significant in the paired, two sided t-test
(p = 0.15). Severe pathologies did not escape detection.
The time required for patient examination (10.57 min, SEM
3.25 min) was not significantly different
(p = 0.53) to the time required for the simulator cases
(9.59 min, SEM 2.98 min). The subjective confidence in the
sonographic findings did not differ significantly
(p = 0.39) between the real patient situation
(68 %, SEM 6 %) and the simulation
(64 %, SEM 12 %). Only the handling of the
ultrasound machines was judged to be significantly better
(p = 0.008) than the simulator (74 %, SEM
7 % vs. 61 %, SEM 12 %).
Conclusion: In this first direct cross over comparison
between real patient sonography and simulator based scanning we proved that the
simulator we developed simulates the real patient examination reliably and
reproducibly.
Zusammenfassung
Studienziel: Zur Verbesserung der
Ausbildungsqualität in der Sonographie entwickelten und evaluierten wir
einen Simulator für die Sonographie des Abdomens. Methode: Elf Assistenzärzte des Zentrums Innere
Medizin, die eine 4- bis 12-monatige Sonographieausbildung erhalten hatten,
führten bei 5 konsekutiven Patienten und bei 5 Simulatorfällen eine
Sonographie des rechten Oberbauches durch. Die Befundkorrektheit und der
Zeitbedarf der jeweiligen Untersuchung wurden gemessen. Auf einer visuellen
Analogskala beurteilten die Probanden die subjektive Sicherheit in der
Befundinterpretation und das Handling des jeweiligen Gerätes.
Ergebnisse: Die Assistenzärzte erkannten am
Patienten 75 % (Standardfehler SEM 9 %) aller
vorhandenen pathologischen Befunde, am Simulator 71 % (SEM
8 %). Der minimale Unterschied erwies sich im gepaarten
zweiseitigen t-Test als nicht signifikant (p = 0,15).
Schwerwiegende Befunde wurden nicht übersehen. Die Untersuchung
beanspruchte beim Patienten 10,57 min (SEM 3,25 min), am
Simulator 9,59 min (SEM 2,98 min). Der Unterschied war nicht
signifikant (p = 0,53). Auch die subjektive Sicherheit in
der Sonographiebefundung war am Sonographiegerät mit 68 %
(SEM 6 %) und am Simulator mit 64 % (SEM
12 %) nicht signifikant unterschiedlich
(p = 0,39). Lediglich die Beurteilung des Handlings fiel
mit 61 % (SEM 12 %) am Simulator signifikant
schlechter aus (p = 0,008) als am Sonographiegerät
mit 74 % (SEM 7 %). Schlussfolgerung: In der ersten direkten cross over
Vergleichsstudie zwischen realer Sonographie am Patienten und am Simulator
konnten wir zeigen, dass der von uns entwickelte und evaluierte Simulator die
reale Patientenuntersuchung zuverlässig und reproduzierbar simuliert.
Key words
Ultrasound - simulator - training - clinical study - quality management
Schlüsselwörter
Ultraschall - Simulator - Ausbildung - klinische Studie - Qualitätssicherung
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Dr. med. C. Terkamp
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology
· Department of Internal Medicine
Hannover Medical School · Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1
· 30623 Hannover ·
Phone: +49-511-532 3415
Fax: +49-511-532 4896
Email: terkamp.christoph@mh-hannover.de