Download PDF
Ernährung & Medizin 2003; 18(3): 145-149
DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-45089
Darmflora und Probiotika

© Hippokrates Verlag in MVS Medizinverlage Stuttgart GmbH & Co. KG

Darmflora und Probiotika

Intestinal flora and probioticsBurkhard Schneeweiß
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
04 December 2006 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Die physiologische Darmflora ist eine entscheidende Voraussetzung für Immunkompetenz und Verdauungsfunktion. Sie bildet sich in den ersten Lebenstagen aus und ist lebenslang relativ stabil. Allerdings unterliegt sie auch verändernden Einflüssen sowohl in negativer als auch in positiver Richtung. Probiotika sind lebende Mikroorganismen, die mit dem Ziel einer günstigen Beeinflussung der Darmflora oral zugeführt werden. Der aktuelle Wissensstand über ihre Möglichkeiten und Grenzen wird diskutiert.

Summary

The physiological gut microflora is the decisive precondition for immunocompetence and digestion. It is developed during the first days of life and remains relatively constant throughout the life. Nevertheless it is affected by changing influences - negative as well as positive ones. Probiotics are living microorganisms which are administered orally aiming at a positive influence on the gut microflora. The recent knowledge about their possibilities and limits will be discussed.

Schlüsselwörter

Darmflora - Probiotika - Antibiotikatherapie - mikroökologisches Gleichgewicht - Darmkrebs

Key words

Intestinal flora - probiotics - antibiotic treatment - micro-ecological balance - intestinal carcinoma

Literatur

  • 1 Bartlett JG. Pseudomembranous Colitis.  In: Hentges DJ (ed.): Human Intestinal Flora in Health and Disease.  New York: Academic Press. 1983;  447-479
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Benno Y, Sawada K, Mitsuoka T. The intestinal microflora of infants: Composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.  Microbiol Immunol. 1984;  28 975-986
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Borriello SP. Influence of the Normal Flora of the Gut on Clostridium difficile.  In: Grubb R, Midtvedt T, Norin E (eds.): The Regulatory and Protective Role of the Normal Microflora.  London: Mac Millan Press/New York: Stockton Press. 1989;  239-251
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Bouhnik Y, Pochart P, Marteau P. et al. . Fecal recovery in humans of viable Bifidobacterium sp ingested in fermented milk.  Gastroenterology. 1992;  102 875-878
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Brandis H, Pulverer G. Lehrbuch der Medizinischen Mikrobiologie.  Stuttgart, New York: G Fischer Verlag. 1988; 
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Braun OH. Effect of Consumption of Human Milk and Other Formulas on Intestinal Bacteria Flora in Infants: Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy, edited by Lebenthal E.  New York: Raven Press. 1981;  149-155
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Buts JP. Mechanisms of Action of Biotherapeutic Agents.  In: Elmer GW, McFarland LV, Surawicz CM (eds.): Biotherapeutic Agents and Infectious Diseases.  Totowa NJ: Humana Press. 1999;  27-46
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Colle R, Ceschia T. Batterioterapie orale.  Clin Ter. 1989;  131 397-402
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Colombel JF, Cortot A, Neut C, Romond C. Yoghurt with Bifidobacterium longum reduces Erythromycin-induced gastrointestinal effects.  Lancet. 1987;  8549 43
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Czerucka D, Roux I, Rampal P. Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits secretagogue-mediated adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate induction in intestinal cells.  Gastroenterology. 1994;  106 65-72
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Elmer GW, Surawics CM, MacFarland LV. Biotherapeutic agents. A neglected modality for the treatment and prevention of selected intestinal and vaginal infections.  JAMA. 1996;  275 870-876
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Fabia R, Ar'Rajab A, Johansson ML. et al. . Impairment of bacterial flora in human ulcerative colitis and experimental colitis in the rat.  Digestion. 1993;  54 248-255
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Fernandes CF, Chandan RC, Shanani KM. Fermented Diary Products and Health.  In: Wood BJB (ed.): The Lactic Acid Bacteria. Volume 1: The Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health & Disease.  London: Elsevier Science Publishers. 1992;  297-339
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Finegold SM. Anaerobic infections and Clostridium difficile colitis emerging during antibacterial therapies.  Scand J Infect Dis. 1986;  49 160-204
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Finegold SM, Sutter VL, Mathisen GE. Normal Indigenous Intestinal Flora.  In: Hentges DJ (ed.): Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease.  New York: Academic Press. 1983;  3-31
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. The effect of milk and Lactobacillus feeding on human intestinal bacterial enzyme activity.  Amer J Clin Nutr. 1984;  39 756-761
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Alterations of the intestinal microflora by diet, oral antibiotics and Lactobacillus. Decreased production of free amines from aromatic nitro compounds, azo dyes and glucuronides.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984;  73 689-695
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Golding BR, Gorbach SL, Saxelin M. et al. . Survival of Lactobacillus species (strain GG) in human gastrointestinal tract.  Digestive Diseases Sci. 1992;  37 121-128
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Groeneveld M, Leitzmann C. Zum Vorkommen antikanzerogener Substanzen in Lebensmitteln speziell in milchsauren Produkten.  Aktuel Ernähr. 1987;  12 202-204
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Hahn H, Falke D, Kaufmann SHE, Ullmann U. Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Infektiologie.  Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer. 2001; 
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Hill MJ. Nutrition and prevention of human cancer.  Eur Cancer Prev Org News. 2001;  19 7-10
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 Isolauri E, Arvola T, Sütas Y, Moilanen E, Salminen S. Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema.  Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;  30 1604-1610
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Kageyama T, Tomoda T, Nakano Y. The effect of Bifidobacterium administration in patients with leukaemia.  Bifidobacteria Microflora. 1984;  3 29-33
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H. et al. . Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.  Lancet. 2001;  357 1076-1079
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Knoke M, Bernhardt H. Mikroökologie des Menschen.  Weinheim: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. 1986;  79-88
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Lidbeck A, Gustafsson JA, Nord CE. Impact of lactobacillus acidophilus supplements on the human oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora.  Scand J Infect Dis. 1987;  19 531-537
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Loeschke K, Ruckdeschel G. Antibiotikaassoziierte Kolitis - aktualisiert.  Internist. 1989;  30 345-351
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Majamaa H, Isolauri E. Probiotics: A novel approach in the management of food allergy.  J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;  99 179-185
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Malin M, Suomalainen H, Saxelin M, Isolauri E. Promotion of IgA immune response in patients with Crohn's disease by oral bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus GG.  Ann Nutr Metab. 1996;  40 137-145
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Mitsuoka T. The Human Gastrointestinal Tract.  In: Wood BJB (ed.): The Lactic Acid Bacteria. Volume 1: The Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health & Disease.  London: Elsevier Science Publishers. 1992;  69-114
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 31 McCann ML, Abrams RS, Nelson RP jr. Recolonization therapy with nonadhesive E. coli for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.  Ann NY Acad Sci. 1994;  730 243-245
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 32 McFarland LV. Biotherapeutic Agents for Clostridium difficile-associated Diarrhea.  In: Elmer GW, McFarland L, Surawics C (eds.): Biotherapeutic Agents and Infectious Diseases.  Totowa NJ: Humana Press. 1999;  159-193
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Müting D, Reikowski J, Leimbeck R, Flaßhoff H-J, Rausche A. Untersuchungen über die Wirkung einer Bacterium bifidum-Milch auf Darmflora und Leberfunktion bei Leberzirrhosekranken mit portaler Hypertension.  Therapiewoche. 1983;  33 6856-6865
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Neut C, Bezirtzoglou E, Romond C. et al. . Bacterial colonization of the large intestine in newborns delivered by cesarean section.  Zbl Bakt Hyg. 1987;  266 330-337
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 35 Nord CE. The effect of antimicrobial agents on the ecology of the human intestinal microflora.  Vet Microbiol. 1993;  35 193-197
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Reid G. The scientific basis for probiotic strains of Lactobacillus.  Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999;  65 3763-3766
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 37 Rote Liste - Arzneimittelverzeichnis für Deutschland. . Aulendorf.  ACV - Editio Cantor. 2002; 
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 38 Sakata H, Yoshioka H, Fujita K. Development of the intestinal flora in very low birth weight infants compared to normal full-term newborns.  Eur J Pediat. 1985;  144 186-190
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 39 Simon G, Sherwood L, Gorbach MD. Intestinal microflora.  Med Clin N Amer. 1982;  66 557-574
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 40 Sonnenborn U, Stobernack H-P, Proppert Y. Die Entwicklung der aeroben Darmflora bei Neugeborenen.  Fortschr Med. 1990;  108 420-424
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 41 Spencker FB, Goltzsch M, Handrick W, Braun W. Untersuchungen zur bakteriellen Besiedelung gesunder sowie kranker und/oder untergewichtiger Neugeborener. 1. Bakterielle Besiedelung gesunder Neugeborener.  Pädiatr. Grenzgeb. 1987;  26 185-192
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 42 Spencker FB, Braun W, Goltzsch M, Handrick W. Untersuchungen zur bakteriellen Besiedelung gesunder sowie kranker und/oder untergewichtiger Neugeborener. 3. Vergleich der Besiedelungsflora gesunder mit derjenigen kranker und/oder untergewichtiger Neugeborener.  Pädiatr. Grenzgeb. 1987;  26 201-213
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 43 Stark C, Edlund C, Nord CE. Ecological balance and disturbance in the oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal microflora.  Rev Es Quimioterapia. 1996;  9 250-259
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 44 Surawics CM. Biotherapeutic Agents in the Prevention of Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea.  In: Elmer GW, McFarland LV, Surawics CM (eds.): Biotherapeutic Agents and Infectious Diseases.  Totowa NJ: Humana Press. 1999;  145-158
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 45 Tamura Z. Nutriology of Bifidobacteria.  Bifidobacteria Microflora. 1983;  2 3-16
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 46 Terada A, Hara H, Kataoka M, Mitsuoka T. Effect of lactulose on the composition and metabolic activity of the human fecal flora.  Microbial Ecol Health Disease. 1992;  5 43-50
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 47 Van der Waaij D. The digestive tract in immuno-compromised patients: importance of maintaining its resistance to colonization, especially in hospital-in-patients and those taking antibiotics.  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 1984;  50 745-761
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 48 Van der Waaij D. The ecology of the human intestine and its consequences for overgrowth by pathogens such as Clostridium difficile.  Ann Rev Microbiol. 1989;  43 69-87
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 49 Vandenplas Y. Bacteria and yeasts in the treatment of acute and chronic infectious diarrhea. Part I.  Bacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect. 1999;  5 299-307
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 50 Vogel F, Knothe H. Changes in aerobic faecal bacterial flora of severely ill patients during antibiotic treatment.  Klin Wschr. 1985;  63 1174-1209
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 51 Wood BJB. Series Preface.  In: Wood BJB (ed.): The Lactic Acid Bacteria. Volume 1; The Lactic Acid Bacteria in Health & Disease.  London: Elsevier Science Publishers. 1992; 
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 52 Zbinden R, Gönczi EE, Altwegg M. Inhibition of Saccharomyces boulardii (nom. inval.) on cell invasion of Salmonella typhimurium and Yersinia enterocolitica.  Microbial Ecol Health Disease. 1999;  11 158-162
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 53 Zdenek K. Neue Technologie und Technik der Herstellung von Sauermilcherzeugnissen und anderen Spezialitäten.  Dt. Molkerei Z. 1983;  16 127-138
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar

Prof. Dr. Burkhard Schneeweiß

Arzt für Mikrobiologie und Kinderheilkunde, Ostseeklinik Kühlungsborn

Waldstraße 51

18225 Kühlungsborn