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Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2004; 6(4): 477-490
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-817909
Original Paper

Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart KG · New York

Evolution of Carnivory in Lentibulariaceae and the Lamiales

K. Müller1 , T. Borsch1 , L. Legendre2 , S. Porembski3 , I. Theisen1 , W. Barthlott1
  • 1Nees-Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
  • 2Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
  • 3Institut für Biodiversitätsforschung, Allgemeine und Spezielle Botanik, Universität Rostock, Wismarsche Straße 8, 18051 Rostock, Germany
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
12 July 2004 (online)

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Abstract

As a basis for analysing the evolution of the carnivorous syndrome in Lentibulariaceae (Lamiales), phylogenetic reconstructions were conducted based on coding and non-coding chloroplast DNA (matK gene and flanking trnK intron sequences, totalling about 2.4 kb). A dense taxon sampling including all other major lineages of Lamiales was needed since the closest relatives of Lentibulariaceae and the position of “proto-carnivores” were unknown. Tree inference using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches resulted in fully congruent topologies within Lentibulariaceae, whereas relationships among the different lineages of Lamiales were only congruent between likelihood and Bayesian optimizations. Lentibulariaceae and their three genera (Pinguicula, Genlisea, and Utricularia) are monophyletic, with Pinguicula being sister to a Genlisea-Utricularia clade. Likelihood and Bayesian trees converge on Bignoniaceae as sister to Lentibulariaceae, albeit lacking good support. The “proto-carnivores” (Byblidaceae, Martyniaceae) are found in different positions among other Lamiales but not as sister to the carnivorous Lentibulariaceae, which is also supported by Khishino-Hasegawa tests. This implies that carnivory and its preliminary stages (“proto-carnivores”) independently evolved more than once among Lamiales. Ancestral states of structural characters connected to the carnivorous syndrome are reconstructed using the molecular tree, and a hypothesis on the evolutionary pathway of the carnivorous syndrome in Lentibulariaceae is presented. Extreme DNA mutational rates found in Utricularia and Genlisea are shown to correspond to their unusual nutritional specialization, thereby hinting at a marked degree of carnivory in these two genera.

Key words

Carnivorous plants - Lamiales - Lentibulariaceae - matK-trnK - molecular phylogeny - mutation rates.

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K. Müller

Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen
Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn

Meckenheimer Allee 170

53115 Bonn

Germany

Email: kaimueller@uni-bonn.de

Section Editor: K. Clay