Zusammenfassung
In der Übersichtsarbeit wurden die Molekularbasis und der aktuelle Wissensstand über immuntherapeutische Strategien zur Vorbeugung und Behandlung der Alzheimer-Krankheit (AD) dargestellt. Die AD gehört unter den molekularen Gesichtspunkten zur Gruppe der konformationellen Erkrankungen. Nachdem die Studien in vitro demonstrierten, dass die Konformation der Aβ-Peptide durch die Bindung von Antikörpern moduliert werden kann, wurde dieser experimentelle Ansatz in Studien in vivo an transgenen Tieren geprüft, wobei zur Induzierung der Antikörper überwiegend das Aβ42 -Peptid als Immunogen eingesetzt wurde. Es stellte sich heraus, dass die Immunisation der jungen Tiere der Amyloidbildung und der begleitenden neuropathologischen Veränderungen vorbeugen könnte. Bei älteren Tieren reduzierte die Immunisation die präexistierenden neuropathologischen Läsionen. Anhand der tierpsychologischen Verfahren wurde festgestellt, dass die Immunisation den Leistungsdefiziten bei den jüngeren transgenen Mäusen vorbeugen kann. Bei den älteren Mäusen verbesserten sich nach Immunisation die Leistungen im Bereich des Gedächtnisses und Verhaltens. Die in den Studien verwendeten Immunogene induzierten eine T-Zellen-Immunantwort vom Typ TH 2. Die induzierten Antikörper gehörten überwiegend zu den Immunglobulin-Isotypen IgG1 und IgG2b. Die Stärke der Immunantwort hing vom Immunogentyp, Genotyp der transgenen Tiere, von der Dosis des Immunogens, von den Verabreichungsintervallen und Verabreichungswegen ab. Der Wirkmechanismus der Antikörper bei transgenen Tieren besteht in der Induzierung der Veränderungen in der Konformation und Löslichkeit der Aβ-Peptide sowie in deren Konzentrationssenkung in den peripheren Kompartimenten. Der Lymphozytenproliferationstest unter Anwendung von Aβ-Peptiden und Milzzellen immunisierter Tiere zeigte, dass das Vakzin die T-Zellen-Epitope stimulierte, die sich im Aβ-Peptid befinden. Bei einer umfangreichen quantitativen morphologisch-histochemischen und molekular-analytischen Untersuchung der Hirnschnitte von verschiedenen Genotypen der transgenen Tiere sowie von nicht-transgenen Tieren konnten keine Anhaltspunkte für eine Autoimmunreaktion, Komplementaktivierung oder Kreuzreaktion festgestellt werden. Histopathologische Untersuchung anderer Organe, einschließlich der Nieren, erbrachte keine pathologischen Befunde. Neuropathologische Untersuchung bei einer an AD erkrankten Patientin, die mit Vakzin behandelt wurde, wies ähnliche Impfeffekte wie im Tierexperiment auf. Bei 5 % der in eine klinische Studie eingeschlossenen Patienten, die das Vakzin mit dem Aβ42 -Peptid als Immunogen erhielten (AN1792), trat eine Meningoenzephalitis auf. Der kausale Zusammenhang mit der Vakzinverabreichung kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden, da bei transgenen Tieren eine vorübergehende Mikrogliaaktivierung gesehen wurde. Dennoch weist die niedrige Häufigkeit der unerwünschten Wirkung auf eine mögliche Mitbeteiligung der Risikofaktoren bei den behandelten Patienten hin, die z. Z. noch nicht definiert werden können. Im Hinblick auf die rasanten Fortschritte im Bereich der Biotechnologie, insbesondere der Vakzintechnologie, kann in absehbarer Zukunft die Entwicklung wirksamer und sicherer Immunogene sowie neuer Impftechniken für die Immuntherapie der AD erwartet werden.
Abstract
This review discusses the molecular basis and current status of immunotherapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). From the molecular view-point AD belongs to the group of conformational diseases. In-vitro studies demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies could modulate the conformation of Aβ peptides with subsequent inhibition of amyloid fibrils formation and aggregation. The efficacy of this approach was then successfully proved in the murine models of AD using predominantly Aβ42 peptide as immunogen. Immunisation of the young animals essentially prevented the development of β-amyloid plaques formation and of concomittant neuropathology. Treatment of the older animals markedly reduced the pre-existing AD-like neuropathology. Immunisation was capable of preventing cognitive deficits in the young transgenic animals and improve the memory and behavioural disturbances in the older animals. Measurement of specific murine immunoglobulines in Aβ-vaccinated mice demonstrated a predominant IgG1 and IgG2b isotypes, suggesting a type 2 (TH 2) T-helper cell immune response, which drives humoral immunity. The intensity of the immune response depended on transgenic animals genotype, dose, frequency and route of immunogen administration. The mechanism of antibodies action in transgenic animals consists of inducing conformational and solubility changes in Aβ peptides as well as their peripheral sink. Lymphocyte proliferation assays using Aβ peptides and splenocytes from vaccinated mice demonstrated that vaccine specifically stimulated T-cell epitopes present within the Aβ-peptide. Extensive quantitative morphological, histochemical and molecular analysis of brain tissue from several species of Aβ-immunised transgenic and non-transgenic animals showed no evidence of autoimmune reaction, complement activation or cross-reaction. No pathological changes were found in all other organs, including the kidney. Neuropathologic examination in a patient treated with vaccine revealed similar vaccination effects as in experimental animals. An aseptic meningo-encephalitis was reported in 5 % of patients included in a clinical trial in which a vaccine containing Aβ42 peptide (AN1792) was administered intramuscularly. The causal relationship to the vaccine administration cannot be excluded since in transgenic mice a transient microglia activation was seen. However, this relatively infrequent although severe adverse effect points to a possible participation of some actually unknown risk factors in the treated patients. With regard to the rapid progress in biotechnology, especially in the vaccines technology, the development of efficacious and safe immunogens as well as of new vaccination techniques for immuntherapy of AD can be expected in the next future.
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Prof. Dr. med. Josef Karkos
Wenckebachstr. 10
12099 Berlin
Email: j.karkos@berlin.de