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DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-820548
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Die Bedeutung von Übergewicht und Adipositas für Entstehung und Verlauf renaler Erkrankungen
The importance of overweight and obesity for the development and progression of renal diseasesPublication History
eingereicht: 31.7.2003
akzeptiert: 4.12.2003
Publication Date:
02 March 2004 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Übergewicht (Körpermassenindex, BMI 25 - 29,9 kg/m 2) und Adipositas (BMI > 30 kg/m 2) stellen einen unabhängigen und bislang unterschätzten Risikofaktor für Nierenerkrankungen dar. Das Spektrum renaler Manifestationen umfasst die Adipositas-induzerte Glomerulopathie (Glomerulomegalie mit/ohne fokal-segmentaler Glomerulosklerose, FSGS), die hypertensive Nephrosklerose, die diabetische Nephropathie (DN), das Nierenzellkarzinom sowie die beschleunigte Progredienz prä-existenter Nierenerkrankungen, einschließlich der chronischen Nierentransplantatabstoßung. Die Inzidenz der Adipositas-assoziierten Glomerulopathie hat in den letzten Jahren dramatisch zugenommen. Ihr frühestes Symptom ist die Mikroalbuminurie/Proteinurie, die bei massiver Adipositas nephrotische Ausmaße annehmen kann. Proteinurie wirkt nephrotoxisch und ist zugleich ein Prädikator für eine erhöhte Mortalität.
Pathogenetisch beruht die Adipositas-assoziierte Glomerulopathie auf hämodynamischen, hormonalen und metabolischen Faktoren sowie auf proinflammatorischen Zytokinen. Infolge Dilatation der präglomerulären Gefäßstrecke ist der glomerulär-kapillare hydraulische Druck erhöht mit folgender direkter Transmission des systemischen Blutdrucks in das glomeruläre Gefäßbett. Unter den hormonalen Faktoren wird der Hyperinsulinämie, einem aktivierten sympathiko-adrenalen und dem Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System, sowie neuerdings einer Hyperleptinämie wesentliche Bedeutung beigemessen.
Die DN infolge Typ 2-Diabetes hat in den Industrienationen in epidemischem Ausmaß zugenommen und ist heute die Hauptursache des terminalen Nierenversagens. In Deutschland betrug 2001 der Anteil dialysepflichtig gewordener Diabetiker 36 % (Daten des Quasi-Nierenregisters). Die Überlebensprognose im Dialyseprogramm ist verheerend.
Therapeutisch führt eine Gewichtsreduktion zum Rückgang der Proteinurie - mit einer stabileren Nierenfunktion - im Unterschied zur Progredienz bei den adipösen Nierenkranken mit unveränderter Kost. Bei persistierender Mikroalbuminurie/Proteinurie und/oder Hypertonie ist der Einsatz von ACE-Hemmern/Angiotensin-Rezeptorblockern vorzugsweise indiziert, da diese auch bei Adipositas antiproteinurisch wirken und das Risiko, an einem Typ 2-Diabetes zu erkranken, senken.
Summary
Overweight (BMI 25 - 29,9 kg/m 2) and obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m 2) are independent and to date underestimated risk factors for kidney diseases. The spectrum of renal dysfunctions includes obesity-related glomerulopathy (glomerulomegaly with/without focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis, FSGS), hypertensive nephrosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy (DN), renal cell carcinomas as well as the accelerated progression of pre-existent renal diseases, including chronic graft failure. The incidence of obesity-associated glomerulopathy has increased dramatically in recent years. Its earliest symptom is microalbuminuria/proteinuria, capable of reaching nephrotic dimensions in severe obesity. Proteinuria has nephrotoxic effects and is simultaneously a predictor for an increased mortality.
Pathogenetically, obesity-related glomerulopathy is based on hemodynamic, hormonal and metabolic factors, as well as on proinflammatory cytokines. As a result of the dilatation of the preglomerular vessels, the glomerular-capillary hydraulic pressure is increased with consequent direct transmission of the systemic blood pressure into the glomerular capillaries. Among the hormonal factors, hyperinsulinemia, the activated sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as well as recently a hyperleptinemia have become significant.
DN, resulting from type 2 diabetes, has taken on epidemic proportions in the industrialized world and is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure today. In Germany in 2001, the incidence of diabetics in need of dialysis was 36 % (data from the Quasi-Niere Register). The survival rate of type 2 diabetics in the dialysis programme is disastrous.
Therapeutically, weight loss leads to a decline in proteinuria, associated with a more stable renal function in contrast to the disease progression in obese renal patients with an unrestricted diet. With persisting microalbuminuria/proteinuria and/or hypertension, the implementation of ACE-inhibitors/angiotensin blockers is recommended, since these compounds display an antiproteinuric effect in obesity and reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
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Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. August Heidland
Medizinische Klinik der Universität Würzburg
Josef-Schneider-Straße 2
97080 Würzburg
Phone: 0931/2999672
Fax: 0931/2999673
Email: August.Heidland@t-online.de